The official textbook for the course Fundamentals of Orthodox Culture (OPK) is a textbook prepared by Protodeacon Andrey Kuraev. St. Tikhon's Orthodox University for the Humanities has prepared a methodological guide for teachers. Kuraev A ... Wikipedia
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Books
- Islam. Culture, history, faith, Avayldaev E. .. The book is an illustrated dictionary-reference. The history of the emergence and development of Islam in the world, on the territory of the Russian Federation, is briefly stated. Includes descriptions of prominent mosques, rules ...
- History of religions. Textbook for academic undergraduate studies, V. Yu. Lebedev, A. M. Prilutsky, A. Yu. Grigorenko. The textbook "History of Religions" is intended for a wide audience. It contains a variety of, often unique, information about ancient and new religious traditions. The reader wishing to understand ...
(not world, but all).
World religion is religion that spread among peoples different countries around the world. The difference between world religions from religions national and national-state in the fact that in the latter a religious connection between people coincides with an ethnic connection (the origin of believers) or political. World religions are also called supranational, since they unite different peoples on different continents. History of world religions always closely linked with the course of the history of human civilization. List of world religions small. Religious scholars count three world religions which we will briefly review.
Buddhism.
Buddhism- oldest world religion , which arose in the VI century BC on the territory of modern India. On this moment, according to estimates of various researchers, has from 800 million to 1.3 billion believers.
In Buddhism, there is no creator god, as in Christianity. Buddha means enlightened. At the center of the religion are the teachings of the Indian prince Gautama, who abandoned his life in luxury, became a hermit and ascetic, and thought about the fate of people and the meaning of life.
In Buddhism, there is also no theory about the creation of the world (no one created, and no one controls it), there is no concept of an eternal soul, there is no atonement for sins (instead, positive or negative karma), there is no such multicomponent organization as the church in Christianity. Buddhism does not require believers to be absolutely committed and to abandon other religions. It sounds funny, but Buddhism can be called the most democratic religion. Buddha is something like an analogue of Christ, but at the same time he is not considered either God or the son of God.
The essence of the philosophy of Buddhism- striving for nirvana, self-knowledge, self-contemplation and spiritual self-development through self-restraint and meditation.
Christianity.
Christianity arose in the 1st century AD in Palestine (Mesopotamia) on the basis of the teachings of Jesus Christ, which were described by his disciples (apostles) in the New Testament. Christianity is the largest world religion in a geographical sense (it is present in almost all countries of the world) and in terms of the number of believers (about 2.3 billion, which is almost a third of the world's population).
In the 11th century, Christianity split into Catholicism and Orthodoxy, and in the 16th century Protestantism also broke away from Catholicism. Together they constitute the three largest movements of Christianity. There are more than a thousand smaller branches (currents, sects).
Christianity is monotheistic, although its monotheism a little non-standard: the concept of God has three levels (three hypostases) - Father, Son, Holy Spirit. The Jews, for example, do not accept this; for them God is one, and cannot be binary or threefold. In Christianity, faith in God, service to God and a righteous life are of paramount importance.
The main tool for Christians is the Bible, which consists of the Old and New Testaments.
Both Orthodox Christians and Catholics recognize the seven sacraments of Christianity (baptism, communion, repentance, chrismation, marriage, blessing, priesthood). The main differences are:
- the Orthodox do not have a Pope (a single chapter);
- there is no concept of "purgatory" (only heaven and hell);
- priests do not take a vow of celibacy;
- slight difference in rituals;
- the difference in the dates of the holidays.
Among Protestants, anyone can preach, the number of sacraments and the importance of rituals are minimized. Protestantism is, in fact, the least austere stream of Christianity.
Islam.
V Islam also one god. Translated from Arabic means "conquest", "submission". God is Allah, the prophet is Muhammad (Mohammed, Magomed). Islam ranks second in the number of believers - up to 1.5 billion Muslims, that is, almost a quarter of the world's population. Islam originated in the 7th century on the Arabian Peninsula.
The Koran, the holy book of Muslims, is a collection of Muhammad's teachings (sermons) and was compiled after the death of the prophet. The Sunnah, a collection of parables about Muhammad, and the Sharia, a code of conduct for Muslims, are also of great importance. In Islam, observance of the rituals is of paramount importance:
- daily five-time prayer (namaz);
- observance of fasting in Ramadan (9th month of the Muslim calendar);
- giving alms to the poor;
- Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca);
- pronouncing the main formula of Islam (there is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is his prophet).
Previously, the number of world religions also included Hinduism and Judaism... These data are now considered obsolete.
Unlike Buddhism, Christianity and Islam are related to each other. Both the one and the other religions belong to the Abrahamic religions.
In literature and cinema, sometimes there is such a concept as "one universe". The heroes of different works live in the same world and may one day meet, as, for example, iron Man and Captain America. The action of Christianity and Islam takes place in "one universe". Jesus Christ, Moses, the Bible are mentioned in the Quran, and Jesus and Moses are prophets. Adam and Khava are the first people on Earth according to the Qur'an. Muslims in some biblical texts also see the prophecy of the appearance of Muhammad. In this aspect, it is interesting to observe that especially severe religious conflicts arose precisely between these, close to each other, religions (and not with Buddhists or Hindus); but we will leave this question to psychologists and religious scholars.
Religion is a certain worldview that seeks to cognize the higher mind, which is the root cause of everything that exists. Any belief reveals to a person the meaning of life, his purpose in the world, helping to find a goal, and not an impersonal animal existence. There have always been and will be many different worldviews. Thanks to the eternal human search for the root cause, the religions of the world were formed, the list of which is classified according to two main criteria:
How many religions are there in the world?
The main world religions are Islam, Buddhism, each of which is subdivided into numerous large and small branches and sects. It is difficult to say how many religions, beliefs and convictions there are in the world due to the regular creation of new groupings, but according to some information, there are thousands of religious movements at the present stage.
World religions are called so because they have gone far beyond the boundaries of a nation, a country, spread to a huge number of nationalities. The non-worlds confess within a smaller number of people. The monotheistic view is based on the belief in one God, and the pagan ones assume the presence of several deities.
The largest world religion, originated 2,000 years ago in Palestine. It has about 2.3 billion believers. In the 11th century, there was a division into Catholicism and Orthodoxy, and in the 16th Protestantism also separated from Catholicism. These are three large branches, the rest of the small ones exist over a thousand.
The main essence of Christianity and its distinctive features from other religions are as follows:
Orthodox Christianity has adhered to the tradition of faith since apostolic times. Its foundations were formulated by the Ecumenical Councils and dogmatically enshrined in the Symbol of Faith. The teaching is based on the Holy Scriptures (mainly New Testament) and Holy Tradition. Divine services are performed in four circles, depending on the main holiday - Easter:
- Daily.
- Seven.
- Movable annual.
- Fixed annual.
There are seven main Sacraments in Orthodoxy:
- Baptism.
- Confirmation.
- Eucharist (Communion of the Holy Mysteries of Christ).
- Confession.
- Unction.
- Wedding.
- Priesthood.
In the Orthodox understanding, God is one in three persons: Father, Son, Holy Spirit. The Ruler of the world is interpreted not as an angry avenger for the misdeeds of people, but as a Loving Heavenly Father who cares about his creation and bestows the grace of the Holy Spirit in the Sacraments.
Man is realized in the image and likeness of God, with free will, but falling into the abyss of sin. The Lord helps those who wish to restore their former holiness, get rid of passions on this path.
Catholic teaching is a major trend in Christianity, widespread mainly in Europe, Latin America and the USA. This doctrine has much in common with Orthodoxy in understanding God and the relationship between God and man, but there are fundamental and important differences:
- the infallibility of the head of the Pope's church;
- Sacred Tradition formed from 21 Of the Ecumenical Council(the first 7 are recognized in Orthodoxy);
- distinction between clergy and laity: people in dignity are endowed with Divine Grace, they are assigned the role of shepherds, and the laity are herds;
- the doctrine of indulgence as a treasury of good deeds performed by Christ and the Saints, and the Pope, as the Savior's deputy on earth, distributes the forgiveness of sins to whomever he wishes and who needs it;
- adding your understanding to the dogma of the Holy Spirit coming from the Father and the Son;
- introduction of the dogmas of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary and Her bodily ascension;
- the doctrine of purgatory as the average state of the human soul, being cleansed from sins as a result of severe trials.
And also there are differences in the understanding and performance of some of the Sacraments:
Arose as a result of the Reformation in Germany and spread throughout Western Europe as a protest and a desire to transform the Christian Church, getting rid of medieval ideas.
Protestants agree with Christian ideas about God as the Creator of the world, about human sinfulness, about the eternity of the soul and salvation. They share the understanding of heaven and hell, while rejecting Catholic purgatory.
Distinctive features of Protestantism from Catholicism and Orthodoxy:
- minimizing church sacraments - up to Baptism and Communion;
- there is no division into clergy and laity, every well-trained person in matters of Holy Scripture can be a priest for himself and for others;
- the service is held in the native language, is based on joint prayer, reading psalms, sermons;
- there is no veneration of saints, icons, relics;
- monasticism and the hierarchical structure of the church are not recognized;
- salvation is understood only by faith, and good works will not help to be justified before God;
- recognition of the exclusive authority of the Bible, and each believer interprets the words of Scripture at his own discretion, the criterion is the point of view of the founder of the church organization.
The main directions of Protestantism: Quakers, Methodists, Mennonites, Baptists, Adventists, Pentecostals, Jehovah's Witnesses, Mormons.
The world's youngest monotheistic religion. The number of believers is about 1.5 billion people. The founder is the prophet Muhammad. Sacred book- Koran. For Muslims, the main thing is to live according to the prescribed rules:
- perform prayer five times a day;
- observe the fast of Ramadan;
- give charity 2.5% per year of income;
- make a pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj).
Some researchers add the sixth duty of Muslims - jihad, which manifests itself in the struggle for faith, zeal, and zeal. There are five types of jihad:
- internal self-improvement on the path to God;
- armed struggle against non-believers;
- fighting your passions;
- separation of good and evil;
- taking action against criminals.
Currently, extremist groups use sword jihad as an ideology to justify their bloody activities.
World pagan religion denying the presence of the Deity. Founded in India by Prince Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha). Briefly reduced to teaching about four noble truths:
- All human life- suffering.
- Desire is the cause of suffering.
- To overcome suffering, you need to get rid of desire with the help of a specific state - nirvana.
- To free yourself from desire, you need to follow eight basic rules.
According to the teachings of the Buddha, to acquire a calm state and intuition, to clear the mind will help:
- correct understanding of the world as a lot of suffering and sorrow;
- gaining a firm intention to cut back on their wishes and aspirations;
- control of speech, which should be benevolent;
- doing virtuous deeds;
- trying not to harm living beings;
- expulsion of evil thoughts and an attitude towards good;
- awareness that human flesh is evil;
- persistence and patience in achieving the goal.
The main areas of Buddhism are Hinayana and Mahayana. Along with it, there are other religions in India that are widespread in varying degrees: Hinduism, Vedism, Brahmanism, Jainism, Shaivism.
What is the oldest religion in the world?
For Of the ancient world polytheism (polytheism) was characteristic. For example, Sumerian, Ancient Egyptian, Greek and Roman religions, Druidism, Asatru, Zoroastrianism.
One of the ancient monotheistic beliefs is Judaism - national religion Jews, based on the 10 commandments given to Moses. The main book is the Old Testament.
Judaism has several branches:
- litvaks;
- Hasidism;
- Zionism;
- orthodox modernism.
Also available different kinds Judaism: Conservative, Reform, Reconstructivist, Humanist and Renovationist.
Today it is difficult to give an unambiguous answer to the question "What is the oldest religion in the world?", Since archaeologists regularly find new data to confirm the emergence of various worldviews. We can say that beliefs in the supernatural have been inherent in humanity at all times.
The huge variety of worldviews and philosophical beliefs since the emergence of mankind does not make it possible to list all the religions of the world, the list of which is regularly replenished with both new trends and offshoots from existing world and other beliefs.
There is hardly an adult who would not think about his place in life, about the role that fate has prepared for him, about the purpose of his appearance in this world. Whether a person prays or considers himself an atheist, he believes. It is faith that determines the degree of religiosity. Hence the conclusion suggests itself: people are religious. But the religion of an individual person can have their own, sometimes unique. Let's pay attention to what religions there are in the world.
Christianity
It arose among the Palestinian Jews in the 1st century AD. The name comes from the Greek "christ", which means the anointed one. Jesus is called Christ, who lived in the 1st century AD. From the time of its foundation, a new era began to count. The most numerous religion in the world. Has 2.1 billion followers.
Jesus Christ is the founder of Christianity. God in the form of a man, which contains the whole essence of Christianity. He descended to earth to save a person from the power of sin, to heal human nature by his resurrection after execution. That is why the resurrection of Jesus Christ is the central dogma of Christianity.
It has three main branches - Orthodoxy, Protestantism and Catholicism. The source of the doctrine is the Bible. Features: the salvation of the soul in the rejection of the sins of the spoiled world, the opposition to the sinful pleasures of strict asceticism, the rejection of arrogance and vanity in favor of obedience and humility. The reward will be life after the kingdom of God comes to earth. Teaches that, unlike other religions, Christianity is given by God, and not created by people.
Islam
Which world religions are militant? First of all, Islam. It is translated from Arabic as "obedient to Allah". Followers of Allah (God) call themselves Muslim ("obedient to Allah" in Arabic). In Russian, this word was interpreted as a Muslim.
Islam arose at the beginning of the 7th century in the western part of the Arabian Peninsula, where the cities of Mecca and Yathrib flourished (later renamed Madinat - "the city of the prophet"). The abbreviated name of the city is Medina. The territory of modern Saudi Arabia.
Muslims perceive Islam as a way of life. The most significant moment is the role of law - Sharia, which completely, to the smallest detail, regulates the life of a Muslim. Islam sets a high ideal of a person whose goal is salvation through intellectual, physical and spiritual self-improvement, and the main task is obedience to God.
Moral values: the special role of men, elders in age and position, community and family. Islam supports the theory of the equality of people before God and presupposes a respectful attitude towards the people of the "scripture" - Christians and Jews.
Islam was not the religion of the oppressed, but the religion of conquerors and conquerors. An ideal foundation for a centralized state and waging an irreconcilable struggle against the opponents of Islam. A rigid view of the political organization and power in society is presented. It prescribes to repay good for good, and evil for evil. Teaches generosity and help to the poor.
Buddhism
Since 1996, there are from 360 to 500 thousand followers of Buddhism in the world. Buddhism - a religion older than many others - originated in India in the 6th century BC. Its founder had four names, but today they use the name of Buddha - the highest among the Gods. Starting from the 1st century AD, Buddhism is divided into two streams (Hinayana and Mahayana) due to the fact that the supporters did not find agreement on the question of which of the people is worthy to get to the highest heaven - nirvana.
Buddha is "awakened". This is not a person's name, but a state of mind. Buddha is a worldwide teacher who explains four noble truths that help everyone to attain enlightenment. It is the noble truth of suffering, the noble truth of the cause of suffering, the noble truth of the end of suffering, and the noble truth of the path leading to the end of suffering.
The highest goal is the achievement of nirvana - eternal peace and bliss, freedom from all kinds of pollution, including moral. The salvation of a person is in the hands of the person himself and the Buddha cannot save anyone. Love and mercy for all living beings without exception.
Judaism or which religion is older
The most ancient religion, spread mainly among the Jews. It dates back to the 10th century BC. A striking example of the unity of religion and statehood. The rejection of Jesus Christ and the expectation of the coming of another ruler, called the Antichrist in Christianity, in the past became the cause of the state and spiritual catastrophe of the Jews, which led to their dispersal throughout the world. How modern religion was formed at the end of the first - beginning of the second century AD. The main principle is the recognition of one God.
With the advent of Christianity and Islam, it actively conflicts with them, considering these two religions as its distortion. Christians and Muslims also showed little sympathy, and persecuted Jews for their devotion to apostate religion.
The international directory Religions of Peace indicates that there were 20 million Jews in the world in 1993. But these data may be unreliable, since in 1996 other sources cited figures of about 14 million people. 40% of all Jews live in the United States, 30% in Israel.
Hinduism
Formed in the 1st century AD. It is unlike any of those religions that exist in the world. First of all, the fact that it does not represent a holistic teaching and was created in the process of synthesizing several religious beliefs. He does not have scriptures... This is reflected in the psychological makeup of the Hindu. The unthinkable combination of adherence to beliefs with unscrupulous behavior, the desire to achieve social status and envy of those who managed to achieve this. Hinduism does not have a single authority on religious matters.
Confucianism
Ethical and political doctrine founded by a thinker Ancient China Confucius. According to the doctrine, a respectful son is obliged to take care of his parents throughout his life. Parents should be served and please, for their sake, be ready for anything, and honor them, no matter the circumstances. In addition, the teaching called for the upbringing of a highly moral person who would be honest and sincere, possessed of straightforwardness and fearlessness, modesty and justice. Restraint, love for people, dignity and selflessness should adorn such a person.
Jainism
A religion that has adopted the concept of karma and liberation at the end of the path - nirvana, common to all Indian religions. Doesn't recognize gods. He considers the soul of a person imperishable, and the world as primordial. The bodily shell is given to the soul according to the results of previous lives. The soul can endlessly improve and achieve omnipotence and eternal bliss.
It is very problematic to comprehensively consider the question in which countries which religions are in one article, because in the world of religions and religious teachings a great many. But, the main most massive areas are presented in full.
The Russian Federation is a multinational state, and at the moment representatives of more than 160 peoples and ethnic groups live on the territory of the country. According to the Constitution, all citizens of the Russian Federation, regardless of ethnicity, have equal rights and freedom of religion. Historically, different peoples living on the vast territory of Russia profess different religions and have different customs and traditions. The reason for such a difference in the culture and beliefs of different nationalities is that several centuries ago many peoples who live on the territory of the modern Russian Federation did not have any contacts with each other and lived and built their civilizations separately from each other.
If we analyze the population of the Russian Federation by belonging to one or another ethnic group, then we can conclude that representatives of certain peoples prevail in different regions of the country. For example, in the Central and North-Western regions of the country the Russian population predominates, in the Volga region - Russians, Kalmyks and Tatars, in the regions of Western and Central Siberia - Altai, Kazakhs, Nenets, Khanty, etc., in Eastern Siberia - Buryats, Tuvinians, Khakass, etc., and in the Far Eastern regions - Yakuts, Chukchi, Chinese, Evens and representatives of many other small peoples. The religions of Russia are as numerous as the peoples inhabiting the state, because at the moment more than 100 representative offices are officially registered on the territory of the Russian Federation. religious organizations.
The number of believers in Russia and their confession
V modern Russia there are also adherents of Buddhism, Islam and Christianity, and people professing the traditional religions of the peoples of Russia, and members of religious organizations that are ranked as totalitarian sects. According to research by statistical agencies, more than 85% of Russian citizens believe in supernatural forces and belong to one or another religious denomination. In percentage terms, the belonging of the citizens of our country to religions is as follows:
- Parishioners of the Russian Orthodox christian church - 41%
- Muslims - 7%
- Christians who consider themselves Orthodox, but who are not parishioners of the Russian Orthodox Church - 4%
- Adherents of paganism, Old Believers and traditional religions of the peoples of Russia -1.5%
- Buddhists - 0.5%
- Protestant Christians - approx. 0.3%
- Catholic Christians - approx 0.2%
- Adepts of Judaism - approx. 0.1%
- People who believe in the existence of God, but do not identify themselves with any religious denomination - about 25%
- Believers professing other religions - 5-6%
- Atheists - approx. fourteen%.
Since a huge number of representatives live in Russia different nations, and thanks to migration processes, thousands of immigrants from Central Asia and a number of other states move to the country for permanent residence every year, you can determine what religions exist in Russia by simply opening the guide to religious studies. The Russian Federation can be called a unique country in its own way in terms of the religious composition of the population, since there are both adherents of ancient beliefs and followers of many. Thanks to the freedom of religion guaranteed by law in everyone large city In the Russian Federation there are Orthodox and Catholic churches, mosques, and representations of numerous Protestant and religious-philosophical movements.
If we consider the religions of Russia on a geographical basis, then we can conclude that Christians live in the western, north-western and central regions of the Russian Federation, in central and eastern Siberia, along with Christians live adherents of the traditional religions of the peoples of Russia, and North Caucasus predominantly inhabited by Muslims. However, in last years the situation is changing significantly, and in such megalopolises as, for example, St. Russian Empire inhabited exclusively by Christians, there are more and more Muslim communities and Protestant religious organizations.
Traditional religions of the peoples of Russia
Despite the fact that many Russians are convinced that Russia is a primordially Christian state, this is not the case. Christianity began to spread in the territories that are now part of the Russian Federation in the first half of the second millennium AD, and Christian missionaries came to the eastern regions of Russia and Siberia even later, in the 1580s and 1700s. Prior to this, the peoples living in the territory of the modern Russian Federation believed in pagan gods, and in their religions there were many signs of the oldest beliefs in the world -.
The Slavic tribes that inhabited the territory of western Russia in the pre-Christian era were, like all Slavs, pagans, and worshiped a number of gods, identifying the elements, natural and social phenomena... To this day, in different regions of Russia, monuments of pagan Slavic culture have been preserved - statues of ancient gods carved from wood, the remains of temples, etc., inhabiting Western Siberia, like the Slavs, were pagans, but animism and shamanism prevailed in their beliefs. But in the Far East, which in the pre-Christian era was sparsely populated, there were tribes whose culture and religion were significantly influenced by the Eastern religions - Buddhism and Hinduism.