Gavriil Vasilyevich Baranovsky was born into the family of the collegiate secretary Vasily Ivanovich Baranovsky. He studied at a real school in Odessa, after which he entered the architectural department of the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts as a volunteer. He was expelled for political reasons and continued his education at the Institute of Civil Engineers, from which he graduated in 1885.
GV Baranovsky began his architectural activity in 1883-1885 under the leadership of P. Yu. Suzor. The first independent project is the Main Palace Chancellery. Since 1888 - the chief architect of the Baltic plant.
Since 1891 Baranovsky was the architect of the charitable department of the Empress Maria's institutions. Designs the Eye Hospital in St. Petersburg.
Baranovsky married the daughter of G.P. Eliseev, head of the Eliseevs 'trading house, after which he became the Eliseevs' house architect. Baranovsky's first work in this capacity was Eliseev's apartment building at 64 Fontanka Embankment (1890). Baranovsky reconstructs numerous real estate of the Eliseevs, two of his most famous works are the House of the Eliseev Brothers Trade Association on Nevsky Prospect and the Moscow Eliseevsky Store on Tverskaya (together with V.V. Voeikov and M.M. Peretyatkovich). Since 1898 Baranovsky is officially the chief architect of all the Eliseevs' enterprises.
He was a member of the board of the Society of Civil Engineers, a member of the Council for Mining Affairs under the Ministry of Agriculture and State. property (since 1904), served in the Technical and Construction Committee (TSK MVD) (since 1885 - a technician, since 1902 - a supernumerary member of TSK MVD, since 1907 - a staff member of TSK MVD).
G.V. Baranovsky is the author, publisher and editor of the magazines Our Housing (1894-1895) and Stroitel (1895-1905). Organized and edited the seven-volume "Architectural Encyclopedia of the Second Half of the 19th Century". Participated in the drafting of the Construction Charter.
He taught at the Institute of Civil Engineers in 1897-1905.
G.V. Baranovsky died in 1920.
Projects and buildings.
Saint Petersburg:
... Workshop buildings at the Baltic Shipyard. Petersburg, 1880 together with E. I. Zhiber and A. P. Novitsky
... Chapel-burial vault of the family of D. A. Polivanov (1885-1888)
... Domonolov's house on the 7th line of Vasilievsky Island (1885-1888)
... House of G.G. Eliseev - Superstructure of the art workshop at 18 Birzhevaya Line (1887)
... Walking house of G.V. Baranovsky - Dostoevsky street, 36 (1897)
... Profitable house of G. G. Eliseev. St. Petersburg, Fontanka river embankment, 64 (1889-1990)
... Eliseev House - Chernyshev Lane (Lomonosov Street), 14 (1891-1892)
... The mansion of G.G. Eliseev at 12, 14 Birzhevaya line - reconstruction and interior decoration. (1893-1894 year)
... Mansion I. A. Durdin - Sverdlovskaya embankment, 36 (1895) (Rebuilt).
... House. Chernyshev Lane (Lomonosov Street), 12 (1899)
... The building of the female gymnasium of Princess A. A. Obolenskaya (A. B. Meshchersky) and the apartment building, Baskov Lane, 8 (1899-1900)
... House of the Eliseev Brothers Trade Partnership - Eliseevsky Store (56 Nevsky Prospect / 8 Malaya Sadovaya, 1902-1903)
... The building of the Russian Geographical Society, Grivtsova lane, 10 - 1907-1909).
... Pawnshop building. St. Petersburg. Moika Embankment, 72 (1909)
... Residential building at a Buddhist temple. Primorsky prospect, 93 (1909-1910)
... Buddhist temple in St. Petersburg - Primorsky prospect, 91 (1909-1915)
... Own cottage "Castle Harp" in Kellom
Moscow:
... Residential building in Kozitsky lane, 1 (1898-1901), together with V.V. Voeikov and M.M. Peretyatkovich (perestroika)
Other jobs:
Eliseev's villa in Orro (Estland; now Toila-Oru, Estonia), 1897-1899. A park was laid out around the villa. In 1934, Estonian industrialists bought a villa with a park and presented it to the President of the Republic of Estonia K. Päts as a summer residence. The villa was destroyed during the Great Patriotic War (blown up by the Germans during the retreat in 1944), and the park is now one of the tourist attractions in Estonia.
... GV Baranovsky was also the author of some works in the Mogilev province and in Nizhny Novgorod.
Main publications:
... G.V. Baranovsky. Jubilee collection of information about the activities of former students of the Institute of Civil Engineers (Construction School) 1842-1892. Issue 1. - SPb .: Publishing house of the Institute of Citizens. engineers, 1892 .-- 184 p.
... G.V.Baranovsky. Jubilee collection of information about the activities of former students of the Institute of Civil Engineers (Construction School) 1842-1892. Issue 2. - SPb .: Publishing house of the Institute of Citizens. engineers, 1893 .-- 216 p.
... G.V. Baranovsky. Buildings and structures of the All-Russian Art and Industrial Exhibition of 1896 in Nizhny Novgorod. - SPb .: Editorial office of the magazine "Builder", 1897. - XIV + 146 p.
... G.V.Baranovsky. On the issue of the method of publishing the Zodchiy magazine, the organ of the Imperial St. Petersburg Society of Architects. - SPb .: Type. E. Evdokimova, 1897 .-- 4 p.
... G.V. Baranovsky. On the issue of the draft building charter. - SPb .: Type. "Builder", 1915. - 11 p.
Architectural encyclopedia:
... G.V. Baranovsky. Architectural encyclopedia of the second half of the 19th century:
... T. 1. Architecture of confessions. - SPb .: Editorial office of the magazine "Builder", 1902. - XX + 500 p.
... T. 2, part 1. Public buildings. - SPb .: Editorial office of the magazine "Builder", 1908. - XXII + 732 p.
... T. 2. part 2. Public buildings. - SPb .: Editorial office of the magazine "Builder", 1908. - XX + 298 p.
... T. 3. Exhibitions, shows, sports, etc. - St. Petersburg: Editorial office of the magazine "Builder", 1903. - XVIII + 490 p.
... T. 4. Dwellings and services. - SPb .: Editorial office of the magazine "Builder", 1904. - 776 p.
... T. 5. Streets, squares, parks. - SPb .: Editorial office of the magazine "Builder", 1907. - XII + 484 p.
... T. 6. Parts of structures. - SPb .: Editorial office of the magazine "Builder", 1904. - X + 494 p.
... T. 7. Details. - SPb .: Editorial office of the magazine "Builder", 1904. - X + 528 p.
Literature:
... Baranovsky // Architects-builders of St. Petersburg-Petrograd at the beginning of the XX century. Exhibition catalog. - L., 1982 .-- Ss. 21-22.
... Leningrad: Guide / Comp. V.A. Vityazeva, B.M. Kirikov. - Edition 2, stereotyped, with changes. - L .: Lenizdat, 1988 .-- 366 p. - ISBN 5-289-00492-0
... Goryunov V.S., Isachenko V.G., Taratynova O.V. Gabriel Baranovsky // Architects of St. Petersburg. XIX - early XX century / comp. V. G. Isachenko; ed. Yu. Artemieva, S. Prokhvatilova. - SPb .: Lenizdat, 1998 .-- 1070 p. - ISBN 5-289-01586-8
... Kirikov B. M., Fedorov S. G. Architect-encyclopedist (G. V. Baranovsky) // "Leningrad panorama". - 1985. - No. 2. - S. 29-32.
... Taratynova O.V., Goryunov V.S.New about the work of the architect G.V. Baranovsky // Questions of history, theory and practice of architecture. Interuniversity thematic. Sat. works. - L., 1985 .-- S. 83-88.
ru.wikipedia.org
Baranovsky Petr Dmitrievich is a Russian, Soviet architect, better known as a restorer of monuments of ancient architecture, as well as one of the authors of new methods of restoration and conservation of architectural objects.
Baranovsky was born into a family of Dorogobuzh peasants on February 14, 1892 in the village of Shuyskoye, Vyazemsky district, Smolensk province. In 1912 he graduated from the Moscow Construction and Technical School, having received a license to carry out construction work. While still a student of twenty years old, he developed a project for the restoration of the cathedral of the Boldinsky monastery near Dorogobuzh, built by Fyodor Kon. For this work, Baranovsky was awarded the gold medal of the Russian Archaeological Society. In the course of work on the project, the future architect personally examined and measured the Vvedenskaya Church of the Holy Trinity Boldinsky Monastery - even then he was attracted by the work of the restorer. Having received payment for his first project - 400 rubles, Baranovsky purchased a camera for photographing ancient architectural monuments.
After graduation, Baranovsky worked for some time on the construction of railway and industrial facilities. In particular, he held the position of an assistant to the architect of the Tula iron-smelting plant, served in the Construction Department of the Central Asian Railway in Ashgabat, and at the same time studied at the art history faculty of the Moscow Archaeological Institute.
With the outbreak of the First World War, Baranovsky was drafted as a military engineer, and served on the Western Front as the head of a construction site. When news of the revolutionary events in October 1917 reached the front, as in many units, at Baranovsky's duty station, almost everyone went home without permission. Pyotr Dmitrievich stayed, sealed the warehouses and guarded them until the arrival of representatives of the new government, protecting the property from attacks by marauders.
In 1918, without waiting for the end of the civil war, Baranovsky went to Yaroslavl to restore the Spaso-Preobrazhensky Monastery and the Metropolitan Chambers damaged during the White Socialist-Revolutionary rebellion. The Spaso-Preobrazhensky Monastery is known for the fact that the famous "Lay of Igor's Host" was discovered on its territory.
Meanwhile, in 1918, Baranovsky graduated from Moscow University with a gold medal, receiving a diploma in architecture historian. Diligence, interest in science and talent helped him earn a good reputation during his studies, therefore the famous scientists V.K. Kleiman and V.A. Gorodtsov gave Baranovsky good recommendations for teaching. In 1919, Petr Dmitrievich began teaching the history of Russian architecture at the Yaroslavl branch of the Moscow Archaeological Institute and at Moscow State University (until 1923). In just a few months, the aspiring teacher wrote a dissertation on the architectural treasures of the Boldinsky Monastery, after which he received a professorship. Since 1919, Baranovsky was a senior research fellow at the Moscow section of the GAIMK, and then a senior research fellow-architect at the Central State Geological Museum.
In the early 1920s, Pyotr Dmitrievich returned to Moscow and began work on the protection and restoration of ancient monuments. He draws up reports on objects in need of repair and restoration and submits them to the government. The idea of Pyotr Dmitrievich was to organize museums on the territory of the most interesting ancient monuments.
In 1921, Baranovsky went on the first expedition (there were 10 of them on his account) to the Russian North. In his memoirs, he said that he set off on this journey along the Pinega and its tributaries during his next summer vacation, guessing the dates. On a long trip, Pyotr Dmitrievich went alone, without assistants, as if he was actually going to rest. The most valuable thing that Professor Baranovsky put in his luggage was three pounds of salt. In those years in the north, money was worth nothing, and you could buy food, rent a boat or a cart only in exchange for scarce salt. Pinega, Vonga, Pocha, Chakola, Pirinema, Kevrola, Chukhchenema, Sura, Vyya - along the banks of these rivers from time immemorial there were Pinega villages, each of which had one, or even two or three ancient hipped-roof churches - the predecessors of the beautiful Church of the Ascension of the Lord in Kolomenskoye. There were also three-storey dwelling houses-mansions, and windmills-fortresses, and many other rare monuments of wooden Russian architecture, which Baranovsky was keenly interested in.
In his subsequent expeditions, first under the leadership of Academician Igor Emmanuilovich Grabar, and then on his own, Baranovsky took measurements, studied churches and civil buildings, in particular the Solovetsky Monastery. In 1922-1923 Baranovsky studied churches in Nizhny Novgorod, in 1929 he worked in Belarus.
At first, the authorities were supportive of the activities of Professor Baranovsky. In those years, in order to surely protect the cult religious building from destruction, it was necessary to open a museum in it. This is how the Holy Trinity Gerasim-Boldinsky Monastery was preserved. Here in 1923 Pyotr Dmitrievich organized a branch of the Dorogobuzh Museum. Together with like-minded people, he collected everything that he could save from the destroyed nearby churches to the monastery, and the collection of the abolished museum in Yelnya was also transported here. But Baranovsky understood the unreliability of his position, at any moment loyal attitude could be replaced by disgrace. Therefore, he hired photographer Mikhail Pogodin, who began documenting the collection of the museum and the monastery itself. Pyotr Dmitrievich's fears were justified. In 1929, the museum was destroyed, almost all of Pogodin's photographs were destroyed, describing the work of the photographer as "class alien". In 1930, the director of the Boldin museum, Semyon Buzanov, was arrested. He was sent to the camps, where he died. The director of the Dorogobuzh museum managed to escape from the persecution of the authorities. In 1943, the monastery itself was destroyed. This time the act of vandalism was committed by the German fascist invaders in response to the resistance of the local population.
A year after the establishment of the first museum in Boldino, Baranovsky achieved giving the Kolomenskoye estate the status of a museum, and became its first director (1924). During 1927-1933, unique monuments of wooden architecture appeared in Kolomenskoye, such as: the house of Peter I, the Mokhovaya tower from the Sumy prison, an outbuilding from Preobrazhensky and others. Baranovsky not only documented the state of these monuments, but also restored in his own manner, removing all the later layers and extensions, reviving the original appearance of the buildings. It was in Kolomenskoye that Baranovsky organized his school of restorers.
Baranovsky by the nature of his activity was obliged to measure and describe the churches intended for demolition. He was the last visitor to the ancient Chudov Monastery on the Kremlin grounds before it was demolished in 1929. All that the professor managed to save from the monastery was the relics of Metropolitan Alexy.
Despite the increasingly harsh anti-religious policy, at the end of the 1920s, Baranovsky began the restoration of the Kazan Cathedral, which was closed in 1918. Having stood for a long time without proper care, the temple was rapidly deteriorating and required immediate repair. The efforts of the restorer did not bring results - the authorities nevertheless decided to demolish the church, and at the end of the 30s the temple of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God disappeared from Red Square. Only due to the fact that Baranovsky managed to make all the measurements of the temple, the Kazan Cathedral was recreated in 1993 - this was done by his student.
In the period from 1922 to 1950, among other objects, the architect examined and partially restored the Borovsk Pafnutiev Monastery and the Lyutikov Monastery in Przemysl (both located in the Kaluga region), the Church of the Great Martyr George in Yuryev-Podolsky, the Knyagin Monastery and the Monastery of the Great Martyr Dmitry Solunsky in the Vladimir region ...
In 1930, Baranovsky again went on an expedition, this time to the White Sea-Onega, along the Volga. He was remembered by all the participants in the research campaign by the fact that a telegram almost flew to Moscow then asking where to bury Pyotr Dmitrievich Baranovsky, on the spot, or to take the body to Moscow. The thing is that the time allotted for the expedition was running out, and in the village of Pyala, the church and several rare monuments remained undocumented, about the fate of which Baranovsky was very worried. Trying to save time during the measurement of the church, Baranovsky showed imprudence and fell from a ten-meter height. When the leader of the expedition was removed from the debris of the structures, he was no longer breathing. But, fortunately, a strong body responded to resuscitation measures, and four hours later Baranovsky regained consciousness. Petr Dmitrievich spent two weeks in the first-aid post in the village of Chekuevo, and as soon as he could walk, he immediately went to explore the local church. Despite the assurances of the members of the expedition and local residents that there was nothing of value in the temple for a long time, Pyotr Dmitrievich, nevertheless, examined it. The reward for perseverance was an amazing find - a carved wooden door from the 12th century (transported to the Kolomenskoye estate-museum).
By the decision of the Soviet authorities, there was no place for churches on Red Square, which became the venue for demonstrations of workers. Thus, the threat of extinction loomed over one of the greatest monuments of ancient Russian architecture - the Intercession Cathedral, better known as the Cathedral of St. Basil the Blessed. With all his characteristic energy, Baranovsky came out in defense of the temple. Regarding the demolition of the ancient monument, he spoke rather sharply with Kaganovich, and when this conversation did not yield any results, he sent an equally daring telegram to Stalin. Perhaps it was thanks to Baranovsky that the temple was not destroyed, but such vigorous activity did the defender a disservice. The architect was arrested, and at first the sanctions were limited to a severe reprimand, but in 1933 Baranovsky was accused of anti-Soviet activities and exiled to Siberian camps, where he stayed for three years. In the city of Mariinsk, Kemerovo region, where the camp was located, Baranovsky worked as an assistant to the head of the construction department. One of his works during his imprisonment is the building of the agricultural museum in Mariinsk.
After his release in 1936, Baranovsky, according to the existing laws, could not immediately return to Moscow, so he settled beyond "101 kilometers", and for some time worked in the museum of the city of Alexandrov. After returning to the capital (1938), Pyotr Dmitrievich Baranovsky worked in the structures of the state protection of monuments, was one of the founders of VOOPIK (1966).
Largely thanks to Baranovsky, the ancient Spaso-Andronikov Monastery, known for the fact that Andrei Rublev lived and worked here, has also survived. In the early years of Soviet power, a colony for homeless children was located on the territory of the monastery, and this caused considerable damage to the monastery. Returning from prison, Baranovsky began to examine the Andronikov Spaso-Monastery. He was lucky to find an ancient slab on the territory of the former monastery - it was the tombstone of the grave of Andrei Rublev, dating back to the 15th century. It happened late in the evening, and Baranovsky postponed a more detailed study until the morning. And in the morning it turned out that the workers had time to crush the tombstone, and sprinkled it with splinters on the soaked monastery paths. Nevertheless, the joint efforts of Professor Baranovsky and Academician I.E. Grabar managed to achieve the transformation of the monastery into a museum of ancient Russian art. The official decision was made in 1947, and the museum itself opened in 1960.
At the same time, Petr Dmitrievich was working on another large-scale project - the restoration of the Krutitsky courtyard, one of the most famous monasteries in Moscow. Thanks to the talent of the architect, it was possible to restore the original appearance of Krutitsy, and to preserve the architectural complex for future generations. In gratitude to the work of Baranovsky, a memorial plaque with the name of the architect was installed on one of the walls of the Krutitsky courtyard.
In the post-war years, Professor Baranovsky worked as an expert of the Extraordinary Commission for the Investigation of Fascist Atrocities in the Temporarily Occupied Territories. Together with the troops that liberated Chernigov, he entered the city. After examining city monuments, in particular the church of Paraskeva Pyatnitsa, dating from the 17th century, he discovered at its base an even more ancient building made of plinth bricks. From this building material temples were erected in the pre-Mongol era - i.e. the find was a contemporary of The Lay of Igor's Regiment.
Despite the repressions and three years in the camps, Pyotr Dmitrievich did not lose his adherence to principles in relation to his beloved work. In almost destroyed (70% of residential buildings were destroyed) Chernigov, he appeared at the bureau of the city party committee with a demand to adapt one of the workshops of a brick factory for the manufacture of thin brick plinths, which was necessary for the restoration of the Chernigov church of Paraskeva Pyatnitsa. Baranovsky not only forced the members of the party bureau to listen to him, but also got a reception from the secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine, and in the end received a positive answer. Restoration work was launched even before the end of the war. Despite the fact that at that time the inhabitants of the city lived in dugouts, because there were not enough materials for the construction of housing, no one showed dissatisfaction. Moreover, once outraged Chernihiv residents brought in a man to the architect who stole plinths in order to build a stove for himself. According to professional architects, restorers and historians, the project for the restoration of this church and its implementation have become a world standard of restoration.
In addition to his fruitful activities in the field of preserving and restoring valuable architectural monuments, Baranovsky was engaged in collecting information about Russian architects. In his collection there were materials about more than 1700 ancient Russian architects. From these materials Baranovsky wanted to create a Dictionary of Old Russian Architects. According to academician I.E. Grabar, an erudite architect like Baranovsky, was not in the whole of Europe. On account of Baranovsky, many restorers and architectural historians trained by him. It was he who was the first to apply in practice new methods of reconstructing the original appearance of the structure from the surviving fragments, and also developed a way to strengthen ancient buildings with the help of reinforced concrete. During his career, Baranovsky created more than 100 restoration projects, of which 70 were carried out, and also explored several hundred ancient temples, monasteries and other structures located on the territory from the White Sea to Azerbaijan. The archives of the architect were transferred to GNIMA, and in 2000 they began to publish it.
Pyotr Dmitrievich Baranovsky died at the age of 92 in 1984 and was buried in the Donskoy Monastery in Moscow.
Historical reference:
February 14, 1892 - Pyotr Dmitrievich Baranovsky was born in the village of Shuyskoye, Vyazemsky district, Smolensk province
1912 - Baranovsky graduated from the Moscow Civil Engineering School
1911 - Baranovsky developed a project for the restoration of the Boldinsky monastery cathedral near Dorogobuzh, built by Fyodor Kon
1914 - the beginning of the First World War, Baranovsky was drafted to the front as a military engineer
1918 - Baranovsky graduated from Moscow University with a gold medal, receiving a diploma in architecture historian
1918 - Baranovsky went to Yaroslavl to restore the Transfiguration Monastery and the Metropolitan Chambers
1919-1923 - Baranovsky taught the history of Russian architecture at the Yaroslavl branch of the Moscow Archaeological Institute and at Moscow State University
1919 - Baranovsky was a senior researcher in the Moscow section of the GAIMK, and then a senior research fellow-architect of the Central State Geological Museum
1921 - Baranovsky set off on the first expedition along the Pinega and its tributaries
1922-1923 - Baranovsky studied temples in Nizhny Novgorod
1929 - architect Baranovsky P.D. worked in Belarus
1923 - Professor Baranovsky organized a branch of the Dorogobuzh Museum in the Holy Trinity Gerasim-Boldinsky Monastery
1924 - Baranovsky achieved giving the Kolomenskoye estate the status of a museum, and became its first director
Late 1920s - Baranovsky begins repairing the church of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God on Red Square, and also makes measurements of the church
1930 - Baranovsky went on an expedition again, this time to the White Sea-Onega, along the Volga
1933 u / - Baranovsky was repressed on charges of anti-Soviet activities
1936 - Pyotr Dmitrievich is released from prison and for some time works in the museum of the city of Alexandrov
1938 - Pyotr Dmitrievich Baranovsky returned to Moscow and worked in the structures of the state protection of monuments
1943 - Professor Baranovsky worked as an expert of the Extraordinary Commission for the Investigation of Fascist Atrocities in the Temporarily Occupied Territories
1960 - on the initiative of Baranovsky, the Spaso-Andronikov monastery in Moscow acquired the status of a museum
1964 - Petr Dmitrievich worked on another large-scale project - the restoration of the Krutitsky courtyard
1984 - Peter Dmitrievich died and was buried in the Donskoy monastery in Moscow
Architectural encyclopedia of the second half of the 19th century: In seven volumes / G.V. Baranovsky. - St. Petersburg: Edition of the editorial board of the magazine "Builder", 1902-1908.
Baranovskiy G.V. Architectural encyclopedia of the second half of the XIX century / G.V. Baranovskiy. - St. Petersburg: Edition of the editorial board of the magazine "Builder", 1902-1908.
Gavriil Vasilyevich Baranovsky (March 25, 1860, Odessa - 1920, Petrograd) - Russian architect, civil engineer, art critic and publisher. He began his architectural activity in 1883-1885 under the leadership of P. Yu. Suzor. The first independent project is the Main Palace Chancellery. Since 1888 - the chief architect of the Baltic plant. He taught at the Institute of Civil Engineers in 1897-1905. He was a member of the board of the Society of Civil Engineers, a member of the Council for Mining Affairs under the Ministry of Agriculture and State. property (since 1904), served in the Technical and Construction Committee (TSK MVD) (since 1885 - a technician, since 1902 - a supernumerary member of TSK MVD, since 1907 - a staff member of TSK MVD). Since 1907 he has been a full state councilor.
GV Baranovsky left behind a fundamental illustrated "Architectural encyclopedia of the second half of the XIX century." He was the initiator of the publication of the encyclopedia, its author and editor. The publication includes the best examples of artistic and architectural creativity of masters from all over the world for that period of time. The richness and amount of material presented on the pages of volumes allows architects, artists, developers, as well as everyone who is interested in architecture, to find answers to questions of interest, to get the necessary ideas for further creativity.
The publication has been digitized by the Russian State Library.
- Volume I. The architecture of the confessions. - 1902. - XXII, 500 p .; silt (yandexdisk, 241 MB)
- Volume II (A-B). Public buildings. - 1908 .-- XXI, 731 p .; silt (yandexdisk, 693 MB)
- Volume II (C-D). Public buildings. - 1908 .-- XX, 297, 316 p .; silt (yandexdisk, 619 MB)
- Volume IIІ. Exhibitions, shows, sports, etc. - 1903. - XVIII, 502 p .; silt (
Volume 2. Book 1, 2. Public buildings. In...
Reprint from the publication. SPb. 1902-1908.
The publication includes the best examples of artistic and architectural creativity of masters from all over the world for that period of time. The encyclopedia includes graphic tables with detailed images of building facades and their fragments; plans, various projections, perspectives, sections, etc., illustrating all the wealth of world culture, manifested in a variety of themes and subjects, where architecture and architecture, in one way or another, manifest themselves. There was nothing like this either before or after this publication, either in Russia or in the world. The richness and amount of material presented on the pages of volumes allows architects, artists, developers, as well as everyone who is interested in architecture, to find answers to questions of interest, to get the necessary ideas for further creativity.
Volume 1. Architecture of confessions (churches, mosques, chapels, tombstones, etc.). The first volume of the encyclopedia includes information about the architecture of confessions.
Volume 2. Book 1, 2. Public buildings. The second volume of the book of the first and second encyclopedias includes information about public buildings.
Volume 3. Exhibitions, shows, sports. The third volume of the encyclopedia includes information about architectural structures intended for exhibitions, shows and sports.
Volume 4. Dwellings and services. The fourth volume of the encyclopedia includes information about dwellings and services.
Volume 5. Streets, squares, parks. The fifth volume of the encyclopedia includes information about streets, squares and parks.
Volume 6. Parts of structures (facades, entrances, balconies, stairs, etc.). The sixth volume of the encyclopedia includes information about parts of structures (facades, entrances, balconies, staircases, etc.).
Volume 7. Architectural and sculptural details. The seventh volume of the encyclopedia includes information about architectural and sculptural details. Each volume contains about 2000 ill.
Circulation 30 copies.
A little less than 35 years ago, one of the most famous Russian restorers of monuments, the architect Baranovsky, passed away. At one time he lived in a tiny apartment located in the Novodevichy Convent, in hospital wards. And this more than modest dwelling for several decades was the headquarters where the salvation of Russian culture was organized. More details about the architect Baranovsky, whose photo is presented in the article, will be discussed today.
Amazing person
Architect Baranovsky Petr Dmitrievich is a very extraordinary figure in Russian history and culture. After all, it was thanks to him that it was possible to restore in its original form located in Moscow,
He stood at the origins of the creation of the Kolomenskoye Museum-Reserve, was the savior of the Spaso-Andronikov Monastery from destruction. Architects call him the Avvakum of the 20th century, as well as the guardian angel who preserved the church architecture. There is a version that he prevented the destruction of St. Basil's Cathedral, which was the idea of one of the party bosses, Lazar Kaganovich.
Biography of the architect Baranovsky
She was truly extraordinary and dramatic. Here are some facts.
- The architect, restorer, who was one of the creators of new methods of restoration and conservation of objects, was born in 1892 in a peasant family. He died in Moscow in 1984.
- 1912 - graduated from a construction and technical school in Moscow.
- 1914 - served on the Western Front as a construction site manager.
- 1918 - received a gold medal from the Moscow Archaeological Institute (department of art history).
- 1919-22 - was a teacher of the history of Russian architecture at the department of the Moscow Archaeological Institute in Yaroslavl.
- 1922-23 - taught the same subject at Moscow State University.
- 1823-33 - director of the museum in Kolomenskoye.
- 1933-36 - repressed and served a sentence in exile in the Kemerovo region, in the city of Mariinsk. After his release, he was an employee of the museum in the city of Alexandrov.
- Since 1938 - a member of various state structures for the protection of monuments, one of the founders of the society for the protection of historical and cultural monuments.
- 1946, 1947, 1960 - founder of museums in Chernigov, Yuryev-Polsky, in the Andronikov monastery in Moscow, respectively.
In the years of famine
Everyone who communicated with him at that time was amazed at his efficiency, fearlessness in front of the bosses, including high-ranking officials. And also they were surprised by his selfless love for the masterpieces of architecture.
Baranovsky worked almost round the clock, managing in the hungry twenties not only to give lectures to students, but also to collect materials for the dictionary of architects, to visit dozens of cities in which restoration work was carried out according to his projects.
At the same time, he fought for each of the old houses in Moscow, if those in power planned to liquidate them. Subsequently, the restorer-architect Inessa Kazakevich noted that on such streets as Volkhonka and Prechistenka, all houses that were valuable in historical and architectural terms survived only thanks to the influence of Baranovsky.
Museum in Kolomenskoye
In order to save the cultural values that were subjected to destruction, the architect Baranovsky in 1923 organized the Museum of Russian Architecture, which was located in the Moscow region, in the Kolomenskoye estate. By that time, the buildings in the estate were in a deplorable state. The park was cut down for firewood, and the land was occupied by a collective farm called "Garden Giant".
At first, the museum had only two employees - a watchman and a caretaker. The restorer had to single-handedly bring there many exhibits scattered throughout the country. These were old icons, church utensils, household items of bygone centuries. Among the objects that he managed to deliver in disassembled form to the capital were:
- towers taken from the Nikolo-Korelsky monastery;
- the corner tower of the Bratsk prison;
- house of Peter I, located in the Novodvinsk fortress.
At the same time, under the leadership of Baranovsky, work was carried out to restore the estate itself.
The main principle
The great master had it simple in concept, like everything ingenious, but difficult in implementation. He believed that it was necessary to recreate buildings not just in the spirit of the era, but to try to give them their original appearance.
At the same time, without regret, he destroyed all the later layers and buildings that were available. Although many accepted this principle with hostility, the architect Pyotr Baranovsky stood his ground, because in those years this method was the only one with which it was possible to save monuments from immediate demolition.
In 1925, Baranovsky discovered a new method by which monuments were restored. It consisted in building up the "tail parts of the brick", which are still preserved. Today, this approach is the cornerstone of any professional restoration.
Despite the falls
In the same year, the master began the restoration of the Kazan Cathedral located in Moscow on Red Square. As eyewitnesses recall, he participated in the restoration work in the most direct way.
So, for example, the architect Baranovsky tied one end of the rope to the cross, towering above the cathedral, and tied the other around the belt. Having insured himself in this way, he was engaged in the liberation of ancient beauties from the details of unnecessary numerous alterations.
At the same time, the architect broke down several times and thereby greatly harmed his health. But that never stopped him. There is evidence that even at an old age, he climbed onto the scaffolding of the Krutitsky courtyard in order to discuss important nuances directly at the workplace.
An assassination attempt that never happened
The pre-war period in Baranovsky's life became a black stripe for him. In 1933 he was arrested, accused of allegedly concealing a number of church values from the exhibits in Kolomenskoye. At the same time, the investigator also added anti-Stalinist activities to the case. As Baranovsky himself later wrote, investigator Altman attributed to him participation in the attempt on the life of Comrade Stalin.
And also he was charged with active participation in political organizations, which aimed at overthrowing the existing government. According to the architect, even three years of the camps faded before the horrors of interrogations, monstrous lies, moral torture that he experienced while in prison.
The spirit is not broken
Camp life did not break this wonderful person. From the memoirs of her daughter, Olga Baranovskaya, the following is known about those years. Upon his return from the camp, he began to very hastily measure, secretly photograph and draw drawings of the Kazan Cathedral on Red Square.
The fact is that, by order of the government, they began to destroy it. However, the architect Baranovsky was very upset by the outrage he observed with his own eyes against the unique monument of the 17th century, which he himself restored.
In addition, he had to endure humiliation and great inconvenience due to the fact that every day at 17-00 he had to register at his place of residence in Aleksandrov as an unreliable person who had returned from exile.
It should be noted that it was possible to recreate the cathedral in its original splendor only because the restorer created accurate and complete materials. This was only done in 1993.
Last years
Almost until the end of his life, Baranovsky was engaged in the restoration of churches, old mansions, resisted the demolition of monuments. He wrote the first charter of the society for the protection of monuments. It is surprising that, according to the testimony of the environment, the master, who devoted his whole life to the preservation of church architecture, was not a believer.
In his personal life, the architect Baranovsky was happy with his wife, Maria Yurievna, his faithful companion. She died in 1977. By the end of his life, Baranovsky saw very poorly, but he retained his clarity of mind and, to the best of his ability, was busy organizing his archive.