To pay monthly for the consumed electricity, it is necessary to transfer data to the subscriber service or make calculations on your own. In any case, it is necessary to take the readings of the electricity meter, and then take the appropriate action. How to do this - we will consider further.

We take readings from induction meters

Induction meters can be identified by the spinning wheel located just below the numeral frame. These numbers are the meter readings. The number of digits depends on the model.

How to take readings of an inductive and electronic electricity meter

How many digits to write off

Usually there are 5, 6 or 7 digits on the display of an induction meter. In most cases, the last digit, less often two, are separated by a comma, color, or differ in size. We do not take into account all the digits after the decimal point when taking readings... They show tenths and hundredths of a kilowatt and should not be taken into account. That is, we do not take into account all the digits after the decimal point.

There are models with three digits "significant" and two after the decimal point

But it is worth remembering that there are meter models in which there is no comma. In this case, when taking readings, it is necessary to write off all the numbers. If you do not do this, sooner or later you will have to pay the difference, and it usually turns out to be sooo big. So be careful.

If you are not sure if your meter has a comma, write off the model, name and call the customer service of the organization supplying the electricity. Let them clarify how many digits in your case need to be written off when taking readings. You can also call the controller to your home or check this information with the electrician of the management company.

How to shoot

Immediately after installing the counter, you were handed an act in which the initial numbers were indicated. When it comes to take readings of the light meter, take a piece of paper, rewrite there the readings that are at the current moment (excluding the numbers separated by a comma). It is also possible not to rewrite the zeros that appear at the beginning - up to the first digit (see photo).

For further calculations, data for the previous month is required. In the first month of use, you take them from the installation certificate, and in the future you either need to store receipts or keep a log book. Where and how they will be stored is your choice.

Some subscriber services work in such a way that you don't even need to read anything, you just need to transmit data within a certain period of time. Their automated system will automatically write to your personal account (or the operator will do it), then it will make accruals on its own and generate a receipt. You just have to pay the invoice. But even in this case, for control, you can consider how much you have to pay for electricity on your own. Of course, it is unlikely that computers will be wrong (they think), but you never know ...

How to count

For example, consider the readings in the photo above. Let the previous ones were 4852, the current ones were 5101 (we ignore the digits after the decimal point). We calculate the power consumption: 5101 - 4852 = 249 kW. To find out how much you have to pay, you need to multiply the resulting number of kilowatts (in this case, 249 kW) by the tariff. Get the amount you have to pay for the light.

If the counter is standing for a long time, sooner or later it will "reset" - zeros will appear in the first positions. How to calculate the electricity consumption in this case? Everything is very simple. This time you will have to rewrite the readings with all zeros, and put "1" before the first. For example, you sewed to take readings from the meter, and there only the last digits are nonzero. Or, as in the photo below, there is only one.

After zeroing, there may be such a picture, or there may be two digits other than zero, or three ...

Rewrite the value as it is, with all zeros (but don't write the numbers after the decimal point), put one in front of the first zero, and then count as before. Let's count the readings in the photo. We write off the reading, putting in front "1": 100001. Let the last readings were 99863. Subtract 100001 - 99863 = 138 kW. Total consumption for the reporting period amounted to 138 kW. In the future, you write off the readings of the electric meter as before, without the zeros in front and without substituting the unit.

Readings of electronic electricity meters

In electronic electricity meters, not a mechanical scoreboard with "jumping" numbers is installed, but an electronic one. It can display not only numbers showing how many kilowatts were spent, but also the date, the operating time of the counter, and some other data. In most electronic light meters, these data replace each other after a few seconds. If the counter is multi-zone, readings for each zone (T1, T2, T3, T4) are displayed sequentially.

To take readings of an electronic type electricity meter, you can wait until the necessary information appears and write it off. The second option is to press the "enter" button. You may have to press more than once until the required information appears. It can be distinguished by the icons that appear on the screen. Usually it is T1, T2, T3, T4 or the word TOTAL.

For example, in the photo below, on the screen in the upper left corner we see the T1 icon and a little further the numbers bigger size- 72.69. If you look closely, there are units of measurement behind them - kWh. This is the electricity consumed in the first zone T1 (daily tariff).

An example of an electronic meter reading

After the necessary data has been highlighted, they are recorded in the receipt and then it makes calculations (described above). If the data just needs to be transferred to the subscriber service, they can be written down on a piece of paper.

Be careful! Here, too, you only need to rewrite the whole part, not taking into account the decimal places. For example, in this case (in the photo above), it is necessary to transfer or carry out calculations only with the number 72 without a "tail".

How to take readings from the Mercury 200 counter

There are single-rate meters Mercury (in the specification they are designated as 200.00), and multi-rate (with numbers after the point other than zeros, for example, Mercury 200 01, there may be another 02 or 03). They differ in the number of zones, as well as the presence / absence of the control panel.

Regardless of the model, the readings are taken in the same way. You just have to different amount press the "enter" button once or wait for more numbers to appear.

Electricity meters Mercury 200 alternately show time, date, then tariffs by zones. First, the time is displayed in the usual tariff - hours, minutes, seconds are shown a little higher. Then, after a few seconds, the date appears on the screen. It is also displayed in a standard format: day, month, year.

After that, the display of tariffs begins. The name of the tariff appears in the upper left corner: T1, T2, T3 or T4. Their number depends on the model you have installed. They are all highlighted one by one. At this stage, they can be written down (whole part, without decimal places).

After all tariffs, a checksum of all tariffs appears. Then the cycle repeats - time, date, tariffs, total value, etc.

The numbers on the screen change every 5-10 seconds - depending on the setting. It is quite possible to have time to write it down. But if you didn't have time, you can switch to tariffs in manual mode. To do this, press the "enter" button at any time. In the photo, it is under the red LED. Press the button (pressed / released) until the required value appears. To switch to the next, click again. It's not difficult at all.

It will be a little more difficult with the calculations, since you will have to calculate the number of consumed kilowatts for each zone. This is where all the difficulties will end. You now know how to take readings of a multi-tariff electricity meter. All other models of Mercury counters differ little in this regard. Even their buttons look the same and are located in the same place.

Energy meters

The reading of the energy meter of the Energomer day-night (two-tariff or multi-tariff) occurs in the same way. The difference is that the button on these electricity meters is called "PRSM" (view). There can be two or three buttons, depending on the modification.

When you click on this button, numbers appear, showing how many kilowatts have been "clocked" for each tariff zone. There are no more differences.

Take readings from the Mikron electricity meter

In Mikron multi-tariff electronic electricity meters, there is only one button on the case, and you must press it to display the required readings on the screen. Only in this case it is necessary to wait until the display shows "check marks" above the letters "T1" and "R +" (see photo). This will be the indication for the first tariff.

How to take readings from the Mikron electric meter model SEB-1TM.02M

Then we press the same button until the checkboxes appear above T2 and R +, if there are more zones, we press further. This is how they take readings from this day / night counter.

Saiman meters

Now, in many regions, old induction meters are replaced free of charge with electronic ones, and most often Saivan devices are installed. These are very simple devices, they do not have buttons with which you can forcibly "scroll" through the readings. You just have to wait until the required value is displayed. That is, in this case, take the electricity meter readings, just wait until the required value (TOTAL) is displayed and write it down to the receipt (or transfer it to the appropriate service).

To make it easier to navigate, here is the order in which the data is displayed in this electric meter:

• date;
• time;
• counter number;
• gear ratio (1600);
• TOTAL - readings of a single-rate meter or are displayed sequentially T1, T2, TOTAL for day / night meters (two-rate).

In the receipt it is necessary to record the TOTAL or T1 and T2 readings and also the general TOTAL. Let us remind you once again that you need to write down only the whole part, excluding the digits after the decimal point. You can watch the same information in video format.

Counters with automatic data transmission

Many manufacturers of electricity metering devices produce models that transmit readings over a specially organized channel in an automatic mode. The installation and configuration of this equipment is a more complicated process, but you will not need to worry about how to transfer the readings of the electricity meter. They "leave" themselves.

How to take readings from three-phase meters

There are two types of three-phase electricity meters - the old type, requiring transformers and electronic direct connection (without transformers). If an electronic one is installed, it is necessary to take the readings of the electricity meter in the same way as described above. Just write down the values, wait until the required information is displayed on the screen, or "scroll" the data to the required page.

If a large power is allocated or there is an old-style metering device, a transformer is installed on each of the phases. To take readings in this case, you need to know the transformation ratio. The readings taken must be multiplied by this factor. The resulting figure will be the actual consumption.

But in general, you need to read the contract. The calculation procedure should be spelled out there - in some organizations they write out the readings, below they put down the transformer data or the transformation ratio, and the actual calculations are made by the operator himself. So if you have a 3-phase meter, check the form and procedure for calculations when installing and sealing the metering device and putting it into operation.

You need to choose for yourself the day of the month and each time record the readings of the electric meter on a fixed date. Nowadays, power sales organizations often set time frames. How to take readings of different types of electricity meters?

Induction counter

Appliances used in everyday life are mainly single-phase. The reading mechanism consists of rotating wheels with numbers appearing in the display windows. Usually these are the four main numbers and the fifth, separated by commas. When the device starts its work, there are five zeros on the display. Five nines will mean the complete end of the reading cycle. If the work continues, the readings are reset to zero.

Important! It is necessary to pay close attention to the position of the comma when calculating. You can ignore the last figure in a rough approximation. But if instead of decimal fix it as an integer, the result will be significantly distorted. The decimal division of the instruments is designed in different ways.

• let's say they wrote off the current readings for May 23 - 9949.6 kW. h;
• the fixed figures for April 23 are 9825.3 kW. h;
• from the last amount, you need to subtract the previous 9249.6 - 9125.3 = 124.3 kW. h.

The second example next month has some complications:

• On April 23 it was 9125.3 kW. h;
• May 23 - 0038.3 kW. h.

The last figure is less than the previous one. How to find out the expense in this case? Since the reading mechanism has gone through its full cycle and reset to zero, one can imagine last number in the form of 10038.3. This amount would be obtained with the existence of another register. Further calculation methodology is similar to the previous one:

10038.3 - 9925.3 = 113 kW. h.

Important! When calculating the consumed power for the next month, you need to take the number without adding a unit - 0038.3.

The main difficulty is not to make a mistake in recording the readings of electric meters, taking into account the digits of numerical signs at the end of the cycle of the reading mechanism.

Meter replacement

Sometimes representatives of power sales organizations remove devices for testing in laboratory conditions. A new electric meter is installed instead.

In this case, record the last reading of the instrument being removed. The flow rate is then calculated using the previous value. The new counter may have signs other than zero on the display. This figure must also be recorded in your calculations for the next reporting period and use it exactly.

Determination of the correct operation of the meter

At home, it is possible to determine the correct operation of the accounting mechanism. There is a need for this when the subscriber is not sure that his consumption is summed up correctly.

The electricity meters display in the table under the rotating disk contains information about the number of revolutions performed with a consumption of one kW.

Visually, the number of revolutions of the disc can be easily calculated by the red mark. You need to arm yourself with a stopwatch to fix the time - exactly 1 minute.

Suppose it is known that electrical appliances with a capacity of about 1 kW are connected to the network. If the counter mechanism works correctly, then you can calculate how many revolutions it should make per minute. Control number 600 corresponds to 1 kW. h. This means that at a load of 1 kW. the disc should rotate 600 times. Then in one minute - 600/60 = 10 revolutions. If the counter is working correctly, then these numbers should roughly correspond. With a load of 2 kW - 20 rpm, etc.

Of course, outside laboratory conditions, it is difficult to accurately set the load, only approximately. Therefore, slight discrepancies are possible. But if the deviations are serious, you need to contact service companies. Basically, these are local branches of Energosbyt.

Important! If, in the absence of consumption, the disk continues to rotate, such a device is definitely faulty.

Electronic counter

The industry produces many models of electronic metering devices. The most commonly installed are Mercury or Micron. There is no one-size-fits-all methodology that can describe how to take readings. Each electronic device has its own control sequence, which is described in detail in the enclosed technical documentation... Subscribers need to read the instructions.

All electronic meters have general device rules. Their work is based on calculating the power consumption over time. This presupposes the obligatory use of the clock as one of the main controls.

They serve to control in time the course of the technical process by calculating the consumed power. With the help of the clock, control takes place, the counting is divided into periods, zones, and is performed during the day or at night separately.

Separation of accounting for day and night

The division of tariffs into "day" and "night" allows, by economically stimulating subscribers to consume electricity at night, to solve the problem of network congestion during the day. The load can be distributed more evenly throughout the day, which will ensure reliable operation of the power grid and improve energy quality indicators. The population benefits from savings in payment.

For the implementation of separate accounting, multi-tariff meters are used. If you fully use their capabilities, you can significantly reduce the money spent on paying for electricity, especially when powerful consumers are working, when the night falls and the tariff is reduced.

Varieties of tariffs

Electronic devices can be programmed for individual counting in 3 zones with different time limits:

• T1 - one zone with a combined one-part tariff;
• T2 - division of the tariff for day, night;
• T3 - division of the tariff into 3 periods.

Time limits of current tariffs:

1. T1 corresponds to a one-rate tariff, like induction meters;
2. T2. The day is counted from 7 am to 11 pm At this time, the main tariff is valid. The rest of the day is the night when the reduced rate is relevant. Time is local;
3. T3. The day is divided into 3 periods. One main and two preferential, which are provided to industrial enterprises, firms, depending on their activities. In each case, time limits and payment methods are subject to adjustments. Usually for T3 the first segment is from 10 am to 5 pm; the second - from 9 p.m. to 11 p.m.

Taking readings

For example, you can consider how to correctly take readings from the Mercury electricity meter. On other models, the algorithm is similar. Only the Enter button can be implemented in different places.

There are single rate electronic devices. It is necessary to write off readings from an electric meter of this type in the same way as from multi-tariff models. The difference is that the waiting time for the desired digits is reduced, or it is less required to press the input button. A three-rate electronic device will require the most a large number manipulations, but it is not difficult to understand their sequence.

On the display in automatic mode, the current time, date, then tariffs are alternately highlighted. Other data may also be present: current consumption power, meter number, etc. Each digit is delayed on the screen for a few seconds. Not always, if you just looked at the screen, you can have time to record. In order to record readings from the meter in a convenient mode for yourself, there is an introductory button. By clicking on it, you can forcibly select the desired value.

It is not difficult to understand how to determine the required figure when a three-rate meter is used. By alternately pressing the input button (it can be called "Enter" or have another name - the data is written in the instructions), the modes T1, T2 and T3 are called.

T1 and the numerical value of the power should appear on the display, respectively; T2 and a number, etc. At the end, the total amount of power consumed is displayed. It is designated "TOTAL" on some models.

• T1 - readings are recorded for the key date (tariff - day);
• T2 - recording is made in the same way (tariff - night);
• TOTAL - readout reading for control;
• from the values ​​taken one by one, the figures recorded on the previous key date are subtracted separately for each tariff.

The readings from the three-rate meter are supplemented by the T3 values. The rest of the scheme is identical.

Three-phase meters

V apartment buildings mainly single-phase models of electronic devices are used. But in private houses, three-phase meters are often used. A single phase system is not always convenient. For example, when required. Or you can connect sensitive digital equipment on one phase, and use the other for power-hungry devices.

For old three-phase metering devices or in the case of a large power limit, a transformer is used for each phase when connecting. In the case of using a three-phase meter of direct connection of a new sample (without transformers), you can take readings, as in the cases described above: simply by switching the input button until the necessary information is obtained.

Important! If there are transformers in the metering device connection diagram, the read values ​​must be additionally multiplied by the transformation ratio. The resulting figure will be the consumed power in kW. h.

It is better to familiarize yourself with the contract in advance. It should indicate how the calculations are made. In some power supply companies, it is required to enter in the receipt only the recorded values ​​for the meter, indicating the transformation ratio at the bottom. Calculations are made by the operator of the organization. Therefore, the subscriber should always clarify which forms of payment will be used.

How to calculate the amount of payment in rubles

Power consumption for the reporting period is carried out for all models of metering devices in the same way. The difference is that several values ​​are written off from the electronic meter. How many numbers do you need to enter in the receipt? Forms of documents for payment may be different. As a rule, these are the readings taken (previous and last), the calculated monthly consumption in kW. hours and the amount in money, which is obtained by multiplying the consumption by the cost of the current tariff (for 1 kWh).

Important! When using multi-tariff devices, it is necessary for the consumer to enter values ​​for all tariffs.

Transmission of readings

Now, most power sales organizations oblige the subscriber to simply transfer the meter readings, and the operator calculates the actual consumption and issues an invoice. You can transfer the captured values:

• via SMS;
• by phone call;
• on the Internet;
• using a post office box.

The subscriber, taking readings, enters the recorded numbers for all tariffs.

Correct reading of electricity meters is possible when familiarizing with their device and features. You need to read the values ​​carefully and not make mistakes in the entries.

Video

The use of electricity meters is mandatory for installation in any apartment, house, organizations and industries. These devices are necessary for metering the consumed electricity and calculating the volume for the service received. Electricity meters are different and are used in different conditions. In this review, we will consider the types of devices, the principle of their operation, ways to take readings from the electricity meter, and much more.

Read in the article

What is an electricity meter for?

Electricity meters are devices for measuring the amount of electricity consumed. Metering devices measure variable or D.C. in A / h or kW / h and are necessary to legally obtain electricity for the operation of household or industrial electrical equipment. Legal connection to the power supply system and metering make it possible to plan electricity consumption and costs based on the data received from the meter.

Types of electricity meters and the principle of their operation

Electricity metering devices are induction and electronic, two- and three-phase, single and multi-tariff. A single-phase induction electric meter consists of two electromagnets located at an angle of 90 ° to each other. In their magnetic field is a lightweight aluminum disc mounted on an axle. For the operation of the electric meter, its current winding is connected in series to the electrical receivers, and the voltage coil is connected in parallel.

When alternating current passes through the windings, magnetic fluxes are created in their cores, which, passing through the aluminum disk, form eddy currents in it. Magnetic fluxes when interacting with eddy currents, a force is created due to which the disk rotates connected with a calculating device that takes into account the rotational speed of the aluminum disk, that is, the consumption of electricity consumed.

V recent times induction metering devices are increasingly being replaced by electronic electric meters. Electronic, or digital, meters have several advantages over induction-type devices, namely:

• small size;
• lack of moving elements;
• the ability to meter the consumed electricity at several tariffs;
• calculation of daily peak load indicators;
• accounting for reactive and active power;
• higher accuracy class;
• the ability to remotely take readings and automatically send data on the consumed electricity.

The simplest electronic system based on a microcontroller measures current pulses, displays data on an LCD display and protects the device and the local power supply in case of an emergency. The pulse passes through special sensors and enters the input of the conversion microcircuit, and is removed at its output. The received pulses are counted by the microcontroller, converted into consumed W / h and transmitted to the supplier via an automated data collection system.

Related article:

In the publication, we will consider the types of devices, their advantages and disadvantages, the main selection criteria, requirements for replacing meters, installation and replacement rules.

Where should the electricity meters be located

The installation of electricity metering devices is regulated by the Electrical Installation Rules (PUE). In particular, in accordance with clause 1.5.27 of the PUE, electricity meters must be installed in dry rooms in easily accessible places. In winter, the temperature in the rooms where the electricity meters are installed should not be lower than 0˚C. Installation of electricity metering devices in the corridors of substations and main switchboards is allowed outdoor installation... Moreover, on winter time these rooms should be insulated to ensure positive temperatures, which should not exceed + 20˚C.

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Electrician of the 5th category of LLC "Petrokom"

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“According to clause 1.5.29 of the PUE, electricity meters must be installed in special distribution boards, on walls and niches with a rigid structure. The distance from the floor to the electricity meter should be within 800-1700 mm. The allowed height is less than 800 mm, but not less than 400 mm. "

Often, representatives of energy companies force the owners of private houses to transfer electricity metering devices to the facades of buildings. The legality of such claims is debatable. When the meter is installed on the facade of the house, the consumer is deprived of the opportunity to safely maintain metering devices, since strangers can access them, and the device can also be affected by negative external factors (cold, moisture, etc.). In the event that the consumer does not interfere with the removal of meter readings for the light, the verification and maintenance of electricity metering devices by representatives of the Energosbyt company, then the requirements for installing devices on the facade of the house are groundless and illegal, since they contradict the PUE.

How to take readings of an induction-type electricity meter

The consumer of electricity must pay for the services of the energy supply company in full. To do this, you need to remove data from the meter and transfer them to the supplier or perform calculations of the consumed electricity yourself. In induction meters, the display is located on aluminum discs. The number of disks with numbers depends on the model of the meter, as a rule, there are 5-7 of them. The last 1-2 reels are highlighted in a different color and usually mean watts, which are not taken into account by consumers.

Let's take a look at a simple example. So, the reading takes place on the 25th of every month. The data recorded by the energy company on January 25 when the meter was installed is 0000.1 kW / h, and the readings taken on February 25 are 0237.9 kW / h. This means that we subtract the January values ​​from the February readings and we get 237.8 kW of consumed energy. Then multiply the resulting number by the cost of 1 kW of electricity.

How to calculate electricity by an electronic meter

Modern electricity meters are produced in a fairly large assortment. All metering devices of this type have different algorithms for taking readings and are indicated in the technical documentation attached to each electric meter. Structurally, most models of electronic electricity meters are similar to each other and can take into account electricity consumption over time.

Electronic energy metering devices have an LCD display, which displays not only the number of consumed kilowatts, but also the date, operating time and other data. Before reading the electricity meter readings, you need to wait for the required data to be displayed on the display and write them down. The second way is to press the "Enter" button. It is likely that you will have to press several times until the display shows the necessary information.

After the necessary data appears, they are entered into the receipt and calculations for payment are performed, which are carried out in the same way as for induction meters. It is possible to transfer the indicators to the subscriber service of the energy supplying company by telephone or using automated systems.

Taking readings from the electronic electricity meter "Mercury 200"

Electricity meters of the "Mercury" model are presented on Russian market single and multi-tariff modifications. Electricity metering devices at one tariff are labeled - 200, and multi-tariff - 200.01, 200.02, etc. Some models are equipped with a control panel and have several tariff zones. Regardless of the modification, the reading of the electricity meter takes place according to the same scheme, and the difference lies only in the number of pressing the "Enter" key. The display of the metering device "Mercury 200" displays the following information:

• actual time;
• the current date;
• tariffication in accordance with the zones.

Tariffs are displayed in turn, and data on kilowatts are read without specifying digits after the decimal point. Depending on the settings of the device, the readings change every 5-10 minutes, which is quite enough to write off the data on the consumed kilowatts. Before calculating the electricity by the meter, you need to take the number of consumed kilowatts for each zone, multiply them by the corresponding tariff and add the results together.

How to take readings of the electricity meter "Mercury 230"

The electric meter "Mercury 230" refers to three-phase electricity metering devices, and the calculation of consumed kilowatts is carried out at several tariffs. The device displays information corresponding to a certain tariff and consisting of 4 digits. In the event that two of these numbers are accompanied by the marking T1 or T2, then this means that the meter operates according to a multi-tariff payment system.

T2 indicates the night zone, T1 indicates the peak zone, and T3 indicates the half-peak zone. For this reason, before taking readings from the electricity meter and performing payment calculations, the following data must be taken into account:

• tariff icons with marking of the corresponding zones;
• indicators of the volume of consumed electricity;
• phase icons.

Three-tariff electricity metering devices have one feature. To obtain correct calculations, you need to take data on all tariffs for the current moment and the previous month. Having determined the difference between the indicators, the volumes of electricity consumed for each tariff for the reporting month are obtained. Next, you need to find out the payment for each zone, taking into account the corresponding tariffication and add the received data together.

How to correctly take readings of the energy meter "Energomera"

Among the models of "Energomera" electric meters there are several different modifications, among which there are also multi-tariff metering devices. The calculation of the consumed electricity and payment are carried out in the same way as described above. Depending on the modification, the number of function buttons changes. The key for displaying digital data is signed by "PRSM", which means "View". As a rule, the device has 2-3 buttons. By pressing the corresponding key, information on each tariff zone is displayed.

Taking readings of the Micron meter

Micron multi-tariff electronic electricity meters have only one button, which must be pressed to display the required data on the device display. To receive data on the first tariff, you need to wait until the marks appear above the T1 and R + icons. Then press the button again until "check marks" appear above the letters T2 and R +, and if there are more zones, then continue to press the key. Here is such a simple way how to take readings of the "day / night" electricity meter.

How to take readings from a Saiman meter

Currently, Energosbyt companies are replacing outdated induction electric meters free of charge, and, as a rule, these are Saiman metering devices. They are the simplest devices that do not have any buttons for viewing information on the consumed electricity. In order to take readings, you will have to wait until the required indicators (TOTAL) are displayed on the scoreboard, then enter them in the receipt or transfer them to the service provider.

When filling out the payment receipt, you need to enter the TOTAL or T1, T2 and TOTAL readings. Only the whole number is indicated, and the digits following the decimal point are not taken into account.

For a better understanding, you can watch the video presented:

How to correctly take readings of three-phase meters

Electricity meters powered by a three-phase supply can be induction or electronic and are used mainly in industry. If a modern electronic metering device is installed, then readings are taken in the same way as from household two-phase meters.

When allocating large powers or using old-style meters, each phase is equipped with a transformer. As a result, when taking readings, you need to know the transformation ratio. The data from the meter must be multiplied by this coefficient, as a result of which the actually consumed electricity is obtained. However, it is easier to use an agreement in which the settlement procedure is reported to be spelled out.

We take readings from a multi-tariff metering device

Multi-tariff electricity meters are a great opportunity to use electricity more efficiently, etc. This is possible due to different electricity prices for different times of the day. To correctly take readings from a multi-tariff meter, you need to go through several stages:

1. To take readings, press the "Enter" button and write down in turn all the readings of tariffs T1, T2 and T3.
2. From the previous readings of T1 (at the time of payment), you need to subtract the current data and multiply the difference by the tariff in effect in the region during peak hours. These hours are considered the periods: 07: 00-10: 00 and 17: 00-21: 00, local time for each region.
3. Data T2 - readings of the night period, namely 23: 00-07: 00. In each region, the tariff may be different. To calculate the consumed electricity and pay, you need to perform the same operations as in the previous paragraph.
4. T3 is the data of half-peak hours, namely 10: 00-17: 00 and 21: 00-23: 00. Calculations are made in the same way as described above for other tariffs.
5. Now you need to summarize all the data received at three tariffs, subtract the amount of benefits (if any), fill out a receipt and pay at any branch of Sberbank or Russian Post.

Electricity metering at day and night rates

Two-tariff electricity meters divide the day into day (07: 00-23: 00) and night (23: 00-07: 00) zones, each of which is paid at its own rate. Let's give a simple example of calculating electricity bills when using a two-tariff meter. We will take as a basis the general tariff - 3 rubles / kW, daytime - 3.30 rubles / kW and night - 1.80 rubles / kW. In order for a multi-tariff electric meter to equal the costs of a conventional metering device, it is necessary that for every kilowatt consumed at night, there should be no more than 4 kW of the daily tariff. That is, the night power consumption must account for at least 20%.

Electricity meter with remote reading

Most manufacturers of modern electricity meters produce devices that automatically transmit data on the consumed electricity via a special communication channel. Installation and adjustment of this equipment is much more complicated than that of conventional meters, but it gives great advantages.

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Many apartments and private houses have three-phase meters that monitor electricity consumption. Based on the indicators taken, the payment for the electricity used in any month is calculated. This meter is installed for accounting and control of legal energy consumption. Take off testimony it can be an employee of an energy supplying organization, or a buyer.

You will need

• - instruction for the counter;
• - calculator;
• - paper;
• - pen or pencil.

Instructions

1. Take the instructions and determine what kind of counter you have. Currently, a lot of varieties of three-phase meters are being produced. Basically, only two types are used - electronic and induction. In comparison with electronic induction has more advantages. This is explained by the fact that in the mid-90s they were installed in every house and at the current time their service life has not expired.

2. Take a look around the counter. Counters differ in numerical indicators. They are three-digit and four-digit. In the first case highest rate equals 1000 kW / h, in the second 10000 kW / h. Upon reaching 999 or 9999 kW / h, the indicators are completely reset to zero, and the calculation of electricity consumption starts from zero. Consider these features before taking readings.

3. Determine the amount of consumed electricity. To do this, take the indicator for the last month and subtract it from the current one. Using this method, you will receive the number of electricity consumption for the current period, since the last payment. Write it down on a piece of paper.

4. Convert the total, the one that turned out, into a monetary unit, that is, into the amount that you should pay. To do this, multiply the difference in kilowatts by the current tariff.

5. But there is also such a situation when testimony must be removed when replacing the meters. More often than not, this is a replacement of a three-digit with a four-digit one. In this case, sum up the decrepit testimony and new ones, after which the resulting total is multiplied by the tariff and the result is the amount of payment for the month.

Water meters are installed in most apartments today - they allow you to track the mass of water passing through your pipes, as well as save money on paying for hot and cold water supply. Also, the water meter allows the timely loss of water - if there is a leak, you will notice that the sensor arrows or red triangles do not rotate. In this article, we will tell you how to positively take readings from the meter in order to correctly track the waste of water in your apartment.

Instructions

1. Counters are subdivided into two types - with a digital drum gauge and with an ordinary dial. Taking meter readings with a drum sensor is hefty easy - rewrite drum numbers from a long slot all month and compare new numbers with previous ones in order to track water consumption in each month.

2. Subtract the previous number from the new number and get the required total - the number of water spent during the reporting period.

3. On analog sensor there are several watch faces. Track the huge arrow that gives tenths cubic meter(100 liters is equal to one tenth).

4. Cubic meters (1000 liters) are counted on a small dial. The rest of the dials display tens, thousands and tens of thousands of cubic meters of water. Count the numbers through which the arrow goes in the required direction from 0 to 9 and count the total number of liters of water spent in your home.

5. In order to track a leak in the pipeline, turn on all the taps and check if there is water flowing in the bathroom and toilet. Later on, look at the counters. All indicators must stand still - if any of the indicators move, it means that in some place water is leaking.

6. Your task is to detect and eliminate leaks in pipes so that these leaks do not increase the amount of money you pay for water supply.

7. Transfer the obtained readings to the subscriber service to recalculate the data into the appropriate amount of payment for hot and cold water supply in the usual way, or via the Internet.

Note!
At the end of the billing period (month), the owner must take readings from the water meter and notify the data on the consumption of sources to a specialized organization by phone, via the Internet, with the help of some hard copy, etc. In addition to the fact that this action gives a lot of trouble to the homeowner, with an increase in the number of installed water meters, the load on manual processing information by settlement centers.

Helpful advice
How to transfer the readings of a water meter in Moscow via the Internet. In order to use the service, you need to log in to personal account on the Moscow portal of public services - creating a new account will take no more than 2 minutes, prefer the service “Acceptance of readings of hot and cold meters. You need to transfer data for the reporting period before the 3rd day of the next month.

Let's first figure out what electro is counter? This is a device that considers the consumed electricity. Counters are: one-rate, two-rate, three-rate; single-phase, three-phase. Three-phase electric counter Is a device for metering electricity in 3 and 4 wire networks, where an alternating three-phase current with a frequency of 50 Hz. counter and are installed so that buyers can connect more electrical appliances, the power of which is not only 220 volts, but also 380 volts.

Instructions

1. In order to install a three-phase counter you need to write an application to the organization supplying you with electricity. Connect counter by all means a highly professional electrician. This is not only a requirement of organizations that supply electricity, it is also a safety standard. Unprofessional connection counter or it can be expensive for homeowners, and for the woeful master himself.

2. Install electro counter where the electrical wiring runs. Connect all electrical wires that are suitable for the apartment to the input terminals of the electrical counter a, and the output terminals are closer to the electric flow delimiter, the electrical wiring of the subscriber.

3. Install counter only in easily accessible places for service, on panels, boards, in special cabinets, that is, on a rough basis. According to the established rules, the panel with counter ohm is installed at a height not less than 130 cm and not higher than 170 cm.

4. Seal the device. This procedure is performed by an employee of the organization supplying you with electricity. As soon as you seal counter, it is allowed to do electrical wiring in the apartment.

5. If you had to install counter where there is a threat of clogging or the place is accessible to third parties, then counter it is better to install it in a special cabinet. Such a cabinet has a window on the tier of the dial and is locked with a key.

6. The presence of twists and rations in the wiring to counter y is not allowed. The smallest cross-section of wires to counter am 2.5 mm2 aluminum wires 4 mm2. About counter When installing the wiring, it is necessary to leave the ends of the wires at least 120 mm. Front counter ohm insulation along the neutral wire length of 100 mm should be different in color. In rooms with a voltage of up to 380 volts, it is necessary to provide for a shutdown counter and a special switching unit at a distance of 10 meters from counter a.

7. When you install counter, ensure correct, firm contact of the wires to be connected. Tighten the terminal screws in 2 steps. If you use an elastic copper wire when connecting, then solder it in advance. Use tin-lead solder, it will provide a more correct connection. Recommended after six months of operation counter but call the attorney of the organization supplying electricity and check the contacts in the terminal row.

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Helpful advice
If you want to check if the meter is connected correctly, if its readings are correct, then turn off all your electrical appliances and see how the meter disk behaves. If it doesn't spin, then the installation went fine. It is allowed to calculate whether the meter counts the consumed electricity positively. Take an electrical appliance for which you know the power. Turn it on for 5 minutes and see how much electricity it consumes. Compare the costs of the passport data and the counter. If the totals differ, contact the energy supplier. Connecting a meter is an indispensable measure, but you need to do so in order for the control to bring maximum benefit.

Take off testimony electric counter it takes the whole month. Unfortunately, some tenants are careless about this light operation. They read by mistake testimony neighborly counter, either do not comply with safety measures, or completely forget to shoot testimony counter .

You will need

• Flashlight

Instructions

1. Exit to the staircase with the lantern. Do not under any circumstances use for illumination counter matches, lighters, candles.

2. Make sure the counter is testimony which you are going to shoot is truly yours. To do this, ask the assistant who is in the apartment to periodically turn on and off some kind of electric heating device, say, an iron, an oil radiator, an electric stove. The counter, which at the same time abruptly changes the counting rate - is yours. In some counters, this is expressed in a change in the rotational speed of the disk, in others, in a change in the blinking frequency of the LED.

3. Make sure the assistant has turned off the electric heater used for the test.

4. Read the testimony counter... You need only those signs that are located before the comma. Write them down.

5. Enter the apartment. Close and close the door behind you. Find your electricity bill for the previous month. In the new receipt, in the appropriate fields, enter the current and dilapidated testimony .

6. Subtract the worn-out from the current readings - this way you will find out how many kilowatt-hours of electricity were consumed in a month. Enter the total in the appropriate box on the receipt.

7. Multiply the total of the subtraction by the current tariff. If you do not know it, find it out by phone at the organization that serves your home, or on the website of the energy company in your city. The amount to be paid is obtained. Also write it in the appropriate column of the receipt. Remember that in most cases the tariff differs depending on what kind of stoves the house is equipped with: gas or electric.

8. Make sure that all fields on the receipt are filled in correctly. If necessary, repeat the calculations and fill out another receipt.

9. Visit a bank branch and pay for electricity in it according to the receipt.

10. If it turns out that the energy consumption for a month was too high, take measures to reduce it in the next month.

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Note!
Do not illuminate the meter with an open fire. If the flap is open, do not touch the tires and wires located in it. When entering the staircase, make sure that it is empty in advance. If there are people on it, wait for them to leave before opening the door. After entering the apartment, close and lock the door behind you.

Three-phase electric meters are prepared for metering the consumed electricity in a three-phase industrial network at a voltage of 3X380 V. Their main function is to control and monitor legal electricity consumption.

Instructions

1. Determine the type counter... The modern industry produces a variety of models of three-phase meters, with the help of which you can measure electricity consumption at the same time in several directions and even at several tariffs. Basically, two types of meters are used - induction and electronic. Despite the use of more advanced special technologies in electronic counter x, their share in comparison with induction is relatively small. This is due to the fact that they were installed everywhere until the mid-90s and their validity has not yet expired.

2. According to established practice testimony counter can be rented by both the attorney of the electricity contractor company and the owner counter... Take a look around the counter. If a three-digit electricity indicator is displayed on it, then this means that the full cycle of the counting mechanism corresponds to 1000 kW / h. For four-digit counter this figure will be equal to 10,000 kW / h. Upon reaching the values ​​on them, respectively, 999 and 9999 kW / h testimony are reset to zero and the newest report starts. When taking readings from similar meters, be sure to consider their features.

3. When determining the amount of consumed electricity, the difference in testimony x for the previous period and the last readings. In other words, subtract the value recorded the previous time from the value of the last reading, so you get the value of the flow for a certain period.

4. In order to translate the resulting total into money, multiply the difference in kilowatt-hours by the current tariff. The situation may arise when it is necessary to remove testimony when changing counters, for example, from three-digit to four-digit. In a similar setting, calculate the last testimony dilapidated counter, later which sum them up, after a while, with testimony we are closer than the new counter .

With the continuous rise in heating tariffs, more and more people are starting to think about saving. If your intentions are serious enough, then it's time to think about installing a heat meter. His presence is a sure guarantee that you will not pay extra money for heat, which for various reasons never reached you.

Instructions

1. All types of heat meters differ from each other in the thesis of measuring the heat consumption. There are turbine, vortex acoustic, electromagnetic, vane, ultrasonic and karyolis heat meters, the action of which is based on the pressure difference. The most popular are electromagnetic and ultrasonic models. The thesis of the operation of electromagnetic flowmeters is based on the fact that water has electrical conductivity. Water passing through the electromagnetic field of the coil excites an electromotive force proportional to the flow rate. In reality, it is a piece of pipe with electrodes and an electromagnetic coil built into it. Ultrasonic heat meters measure the difference in the transit time of a signal through water, depending on its speed. So at zero flow, the difference in time intervals will be zero, and at maximum flow, respectively, maximum. The design of an ultrasonic heat meter resembles an electromagnetic one, only instead of electrodes and coils, ultrasonic sensors are mounted in it. Heat meters are installed at the inputs to residential buildings.

2. In addition to the thermal energy used for heating, they measure the energy spent on heating water in the DHW system. When taking readings, be sure to consider the temperature at the inlet and outlet of the system. The amount of consumed heat energy can be measured in Gcal, kJ and MW.

3. All readings of heat meters are converted to Gcal. So 1 Gcal corresponds to 1.163 MW and 4.187 GJ. It is indispensable to control the operating time of the device, as well as its operating time. You can take readings of devices depending on their technical equipment - from a storage console, a laptop or from a printer.Do not forget to have a logbook for monitoring near the shield, with the support of which you will be able to control the amount set to you by the heat supply organization.

Tip 7: How to positively take readings of the electricity meter

It is necessary to take readings of the electric meter to account for the consumption of electricity. You can do this operation yourself. This is certainly a simple procedure that does not require any special skills. How to take readings of the electricity meter, read on.

Instructions

1. Write down all the numbers that you see on the scoreboard in order to take the readings of the electricity meter. One complete cycle of the counting mechanism corresponds to ten thousand kilowatts per hour. The accounting period is considered to be a month. Consequently, in order to find out how much electricity you have consumed for a specified period, you need to know the readings of an electric meter a month ago. Later, knowing the current meter readings, subtract these two numbers and multiply them by the established tariff. As a result, you will receive the amount to be paid.

2. Please note that any apartment electricity meter has an error. Consequently, if you have doubts about the correctness of the testimony, then they are partially justified. This error for a standard meter is 2.5. This means that if in fact you consumed 100 kW, then the meter can show both 102.5 and 97.5 kW. If you even reset your apartment electricity meter, then this cannot be a guarantee that it will work without error.

3. Pay attention to the disk of your electricity meter. It rotates continuously, even when no electrical appliance in your apartment is plugged in and not a single lamp is on. This does not mean that the electricity meter is faulty. Your door speaker is invariably plugged into the electrical network, and if no one rings it, this does not mean that it does not consume electricity. In addition, the electric meter also consumes electricity to some extent, but these costs are minimal and have little effect on the general equilibrium.

4. According to the rules of operation, you can take readings from the electric meter on your own, but, nevertheless, you must, at least once every six months, provide the admission of officials of the organization for taking readings, inspection and maintenance work of the aforementioned device.

Since the time when water meters appeared in Russia, primitive citizens began to save water much more significantly, and most importantly, now many people know how much it is necessary to pay a management company or housing department for the consumed amount of life-giving moisture from the tap. But some people still do not understand, and maybe there was no time to figure out how to shoot testimony with water counter? Let's figure out how this is done.

You will need

• Working water meter
• Receipt of payment
• Ballpoint pen or pencil

Instructions

1. The data on the consumption of the consumed water are displayed on the water meter display. They are of 2 types: with a digital drum mechanism and with a dial. When working with the first one, you need to look at the instrument panel, where the running part of the flow rate is displayed in the slot. It is this value that needs to be recorded. And if you want to find out how much was spent in the previous period, then you can easily subtract the previously recorded figure from the true (current) value, and get the total.

2. Writing off a value from a device of the second type (with a dial). On the panel of this counter, small dials are located in a circle. There is a huge arrow that indicates the numbers on the outer edge of the meter - it shows tenths of a cubic meter (one fraction = 100 liters). On other dials, tenths of a cubic meter (cubic meter = 1000 liters), thousands and tens of thousands are reported. When doing this, pay attention to the direction of the rotating arrows.

3. The necessary numbers for transmitting readings are on the right, they are separated by a comma and differ in color. The numbers on the left indicate the shares of cubic meters, you also need those that show the whole cubic meters, that is, located on the right (they change as water is consumed).

4. There is a so-called remote reading of the instrument. To do this, an additional reed switch (small electromagnetic device) must be mounted on the meter, and a small magnet on the mechanical parts of the meter (roller, gear or arrow). The magnet, with a continuous cycle of the part, passes next to the reed switch, the one that at this time closes the external low-current circuit with contacts. By counting the number of shocks (taking into account their weight) that the counter generated, it is allowed to obtain the volume of water. If the device is working properly, for a certain time interval (day, hour, week, month), the number of shocks will correspond to the readings of the built-in counter indicator.

Note!
Some HOAs (Management Companies) add 40-60 rubles to your cold water consumption. They explain this by the fact that water is wasted on cleaning staircases and general house losses. Over time, hard water and, accordingly, blockages in the pipes can become the cause of false readings. You spend the same amount of water as before, and receipts with amounts are getting bigger and bigger. The way out of this is this: either change the device itself, or take it for repair.

Helpful advice
Having installed the meter for hot and cold water, inform the management company about this by filling out the appropriate form, where indicate the initial water consumption. If the installation was carried out by an expert, he must leave the form where he will enter the first readings. takes readings and monitors the consumed water, but also determines if you have leaks in the pipes. Close all the taps and if the counting mechanism moves, then the tightness in your house is not all right.

Advice 9: How to take readings from a three-tariff electric meter

Multi-tariff electricity meters are being installed in many new homes today. And in dilapidated houses, they can be introduced during the implementation overhaul... The most common of them are electronic counters of the Mercury-200 brand.

Instructions

1. Before reading readings from electric meter wear dielectric shoes. Take a flashlight with you to the entrance or hallway, even if this room is well lit. Do not in any way read testimony by the light of matches, candles, lighters. To press the buttons on the counter, you need to open the flap. Do not touch any live parts in it, even if they seem insulated to you. Do not touch anything other than the buttons at all.

2. Aim the flashlight at the counter indicator if testimony not well visible on it.

3. Check whether the counter is set to work in which mode: manual or mechanical. Switching between these modes manually is unrealistic, it can only be carried out by employees of the dispatching office via a special communication line (if any). If the flap is closed to the palace, and on the counter indicator the sections "T1", "T2", "T3" and "Sum" are switched on in turn, then the mechanical mode is on. When any of the sections with the letter "T" and a number is turned on, testimony on the indicator correspond to the tariff with the number corresponding to this figure. When the "Sum" section is on, testimony correspond to the amount for each three tariffs.

4. If the meter is set to operate in manual mode, the section with the letter "T" and the tariff number, which is valid at the current time of day, is continuously on on its indicator. In order to switch sections "T1", "T2", "T3" and "Sum", press the upper key - they will switch around the ring, and the corresponding information will be displayed on the indicator. It remains only to write down those corresponding to these tariffs testimony .

5. If there are three tariffs, calculate the cost of energy consumed per month using the following formula: с = (t1 * e1) + (t2 * e2) + (t3 / e3), where c is the total cost of energy consumed per month (rubles. ), en is the number of energy consumed per month at the rate n (kW * h), tn is the cost of one kilowatt-hour of electricity at the rate n (rubles).

Tip 10: How to transfer meter readings for electricity

Enterprises and individual payers pay for the electricity they consume in accordance with testimony counters... These meters are installed in all organizations, in the whole house and every apartment. Payment for them is made monthly. To do this, you need to transfer readings counters for electricity to the relevant enterprises supplying it.

Instructions

1. Enterprises that supply electricity to citizens' homes and enterprises are commercial structures, therefore, each of them has the right to apply its own methodology for generating electricity bills. You need to familiarize yourself with this methodology and rules for the transfer of evidence. counters on the site serving your region of the company. In addition, you will be able to get such advice by contacting the office of this company or at the cash settlement center where you make payment of receipts.

2. As usual, in the event that your meter, like the meters of your neighbors, is brought out into the corridor or onto the staircase, then colleagues of the electricity contractor bypass residential buildings on their own, collecting readings counters... According to these testimony, you receive and pay your electricity bill.

3. If your meter hangs at home, in an apartment and is not publicly available, then the controllers can set the time and fixed date when they appear in your house in order to take readings counters... In case of your absence, the controller reserves the right to increase the meter readings for the last month by the estimated amount of your average monthly electricity consumption. After that, it will be corrected according to real data.

4. In many cities, there is a system for transmitting meter readings, taken lightly by electricity users, on paper. For this, in certain places, boxes resembling postal boxes are hung, where citizens will be hindered by notices indicating the data of these devices.

5. Many energy companies host metrics for measuring electricity consumption on their websites. Find out the address of such a site in the RCC or by searching on the Internet, register on it and start transmitting electricity consumption data on a monthly basis in order to positively and timely receive receipts for payment.

Often, apartment owners have a desire to change a dilapidated electric meter for a newer one. expensive model... Modern appliances look great and will not spoil the interior of the hallway. In addition, it is hefty comfortably to continuously monitor the family's electricity consumption and be able to take readings at any time.

You will need

• - the newest counter;
• - permission to transfer an electricity meter.

Instructions

1. Check the probability of relocation of the electricity meter with the management office, which is responsible for the table of contents of the in-house networks. Write a statement and get permission to dismantle and then install a new device in your apartment.

2. If you have received consent, make an application asking you to move the location of your electricity meter from the floor panel to your living space. Strictly mention that you guarantee access to the apartment for controllers who check electricity meters and take readings.

3. Experts from the governing body will carry out all the proper electrical work, inspect and seal your newest appliance. They are required to draw up an act on the implementation of the transfer in 2 copies, one of which will remain with you. You must pay for all the work yourself.

4. But absolutely another situation may appear, in which the transfer of the IPU will be unthinkable. The design documentation for your house should provide for the likelihood of transferring the meter from the site to the apartment. The cost of making changes to the plan of an apartment building is quite huge, therefore, before insisting on a transfer, think again.

5. If you want to perform electrical work on their own, please note that it is strictly forbidden to unauthorized disconnect and connect electricity metering devices. This can only be done by the attorney of the governing body.

6. Choose the latest replacement device from those that are designed to work in networks that are supplied with a voltage of 220 volts and a current strength of up to ten amperes. He must have a passport and a valid certificate of conformity. There should also be a seal with a stamp on the electric meter, which indicates a state check.

7. Modern appliances provide a multi-tariff electricity billing system, which will provide you with monthly cost savings.

The drug "Melaxen" is prescribed for violations of temporary adaptation. It is used as an adaptogen to establish the body's typical biological pace, and as a hypnotic.

The composition of "Melaxena", indications for use

Melaxen is available in the form of film-coated tablets. One tablet of the drug contains the energetic substance melatonin in the amount of 3 mg, as well as auxiliary components: calcium hydrogen phosphate, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose. "Melaxen" is an analogue of the synthetic hormone of the pineal gland, which normalizes the function of circadian rates (cyclic fluctuations in the intensity of biological processes). It normalizes the sleep-wake cycle, daily metamorphosis motor activity and body temperature. The drug speeds up the process of falling asleep, normalizes sleep, improving its quality, and reduces the number of night awakenings. The medicine has an immunostimulating and antioxidant effect, is not addictive. Melaxena's analogs are Melatonin, Circadin, Vita-melatonin. "Melaxen" is prescribed: - as a sleeping pill, - for the rapid adaptation of a person to changing time zones in order to reduce the risk of stress. The medicine does not cause a feeling of fatigue, lethargy and weakness upon awakening, but, on the contrary, helps to improve well-being in the morning. After taking the drug, dreams become more vivid and intense. The drug is prescribed for adults? or 1 tablet once a day 30 minutes before bedtime. When changing time zones, you need to take one tablet of the medicine the day before the flight, and in the next few days - one tablet 30 minutes before bedtime. The maximum allowed to take two tablets "Melaxena" per day.

Side effects, contraindications to the appointment of "Melaxena"

"Melaxen" is contraindicated in severe renal dysfunction, autoimmune diseases, leukemia, epilepsy, lymphoma, myeloma, pregnancy, breastfeeding, lymphogranulomatosis, diabetes mellitus, allergic reactions. It is impossible to take the medicine at the same time as cyclosporine, glucocorticosteroids and MAO inhibitor drugs. Women wishing to become pregnant should know that Melaxen has a weak contraceptive effect. Do not combine Melaxen with hormonal medicines... Taking the drug at the same time with beta-blockers and drugs that depress the central nervous system, helps to enhance their action. According to reviews, Melaxen can cause headache, morning sleepiness, diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, swelling, allergic reactions. In case of an overdose of the drug, the side effects increase, in this case, gastric lavage and the intake of activated carbon are required.

Sinupret is a herbal medicine. The agent has anti-inflammatory, secretory and expectorant effects. It is prescribed mainly to relieve swelling of the nasal mucosa with a runny nose and cough.

Pharmacological properties and indications for the use of the drug "Sinupret"

The composition of "Sinupret" includes extracts of gentian roots, sorrel herb, primrose flowers, verbena herb, elder flowers. The medicine reduces the swelling of the mucous membranes respiratory tract and restores its protective properties, promotes the outflow of secretions from the sinuses and upper respiratory organs, has an antiviral effect on the body. "Sinupret" is produced in the form of pills and in the form of drops for oral administration. "Sinupret" is prescribed as part of the complex treatment of respiratory diseases accompanied by the formation of a viscous secretion: - influenza, - acute or chronic sinusitis (inflammation of the paranasal sinuses), - pharyngitis ( inflammation of the pharyngeal mucosa), - laryngitis (inflammation of the laryngeal mucosa), - bronchitis (inflammatory disease of the bronchi with damage to the mucous membrane), - tracheitis (inflammation of the tracheal mucosa), - tracheobronchitis, - pneumonia (inflammation of the lungs), - pulmonary tuberculosis, - cystic fibrosis ( systemic successive disease characterized by damage to the glands of external secretion).

Instructions for using "Sinupret"

Sinupret is prescribed 50 drops, or 2 tablets three times a day. Children aged 2 to 6 years should be given the drug 15 drops three times a day, children aged 6 to 16 years are given 1 tablet or 25 drops of the drug 3 times a day. Adults should take drops undiluted, children under 16 years of age, the drug is diluted in water, juice or tea. It is forbidden to give "Sinupret" in the form of drops to children under 2 years of age, in the form of pills - to children under 6. "Sinupret" is not used in patients with hypersensitivity to the components of the drug, as well as in case of lactose intolerance. The drug in the form of drops is contraindicated in patients with alcoholism or in patients who have undergone treatment for alcoholism. Sinupret is prescribed with caution in cases of epilepsy, liver, and brain injuries. It is impossible to use the drug during breastfeeding. When used simultaneously with antibiotics, "Sinupret" can enhance their effect on the body. During pregnancy, "Sinupret" is used only in the form of pills and only as prescribed by the doctor. It is allowed to use analogues of the drug that are approved for use during this period. According to reviews, with long-term use "Sinupret" causes allergic reactions: skin redness, itching, shortness of breath, skin rash. The drug can also cause heartburn, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.

Advice 14: "Levomekol": indications for use and reviews

Levomekol ointment is a compound product containing an antibiotic. The drug has an anti-inflammatory effect, eliminates purulent formations and stimulates tissue healing.

Indications for use and properties

Levomekol ointment is used to treat purulent wounds of various origins, including for the treatment of wounds infected with mixed microflora in the purulent-necrotic phase. The drug is used in the postoperative period for the treatment of non-sutured wounds. Also, the agent is used in the treatment of burns of 2 and 3 degrees of severity, purulent-inflammatory skin diseases, trophic ulcers, boils. The active components of the drug "Levomekol" are chloramphenicol and methyluracil. The antibiotic chloramphenicol acts on pathogenic bacteria, stopping their formation and functioning. Methyluracil has an immunomodulatory effect, promotes tissue regeneration and eliminates inflammatory processes. Due to its composition, "Levomekol" saves antibacterial activity even in the presence of purulent formations.

Instructions for use

Sterile gauze wipes are used to apply the drug. They are soaked with ointment and then the wound is filled with them. Napkins do not have to fit tightly, the filling should be "loose". Ointment is injected into the purulent cavities through a catheter using a syringe. In this case, the drug must be preheated to a temperature of 35-36 ° C. When treating cuts, boils and acne, the ointment is applied to a gauze napkin or cotton wool and applied to the inflamed area, fixing the napkin with a plaster if necessary. The drug should be used on a daily basis until the wound is completely cleared of purulent-necrotic formations. The dressings must be changed as the purulent masses come out - once a day or more often.

Contraindications

The ointment is not used with increased susceptibility to its components, with psoriasis and fungal skin lesions. Pregnant women are allowed to use the drug for a short period of time and on small surfaces. When using the ointment during lactation, breast-feeding should be stopped. In rare cases, when using the ointment, allergic reactions may appear.

According to accepted world practice, consumers of electricity must install devices that take into account its consumption and pay in accordance with their readings. In the Russian Federation, this requirement is enshrined at the legislative level. It is the responsibility of the consumer (owner of the device) to take readings and calculate payment based on them. But if, as a rule, there were no problems with induction electricity meters, then with the advent of electronic devices many consumers have questions about taking readings. The answers to them can be found in this publication.

Induction metering devices

This process for old-style devices is quite simple, it is enough to rewrite information from a mechanical indicator, where the numbers indicate the total amount of electricity consumption for the entire period of operation of the device. After that, the readings for the previous period are subtracted from the resulting number. The result is multiplied by the current tariff.

The readings are entered on the payment receipt. Every six months, power companies have the right to control the metering device, which obliges the consumer to provide access to it.

In the figure above, the segments of the mechanical indicator, which display an integer, are marked in red, and tenths of kilowatt-hours are marked in blue. There are models without displaying the fractional part. The parameters of the rated current, voltage and frequency of the meter are shown below. By the speed of rotation of the drum, you can visually assess the current power of the load.

Important! Tenths are not included in the receipt.

Induction devices are gradually being replaced by electronic ones, due to their undoubted advantages. Let's tell you what they are.

Advantages of new electronic metering devices

The first look at the front panel of an electronic device can be somewhat confusing. Instead of the usual mechanical indicator - a digital display, some incomprehensible buttons.

In fact, there is nothing complicated, below we will tell you in detail how to take readings from various electronic models. As for their advantages, these include:

• Indication of the current date and time.
• Saving in the memory of the device readings for the previous month.
• Transfer of data with readings to the control center of the energy company providing the services.
• Possibilities of multi-mode billing.
• The current sensor can be a shunt, a current transformer, or both at the same time.

It makes sense to consider the last point in more detail.

What is multi-tariff mode and its purpose

As you know, the load on the power system is uneven. During the day, electricity consumption is several times higher than at night (to be precise, the peak is morning and evening). In order to motivate the population in many countries, including Russia, multi-tariff systems have been introduced, taking into account the characteristics of a particular city (settlement).

The most common is the two-rate system (day-night), and its three-rate modification (peak-half-peak-night) is also found. The transition to such metering schemes can significantly reduce the cost of paying for electricity. As an example, let us give a quote for different time zones for the city of St. Petersburg (for an apartment with a gas stove).

Example: table of tariffs for St. Petersburg.

As you can see, the difference in price between the night and day rates differs slightly less than twice. Even if you only turn on the washing machine when the night tariff is in effect, you can save a lot.

To switch to a two or three tariff system, it is necessary to install an electronic metering device for electricity, the design of which allows for a similar reading. As far as induction modifications are concerned, they do not have this functionality.

How to take readings of the electricity meter day-night?

Due to the large assortment of electronic models, it is not possible to give a single algorithm of actions. detailed instructions is given in the technical documentation that comes with each device. Further in the article, we will describe in detail the process for the most common models, but for now we will talk about the general principle of calculations using the two-tariff system.

All electronic meters have a built-in clock, which allows metering of electricity consumption for different time zones. In two-tariff models, there are two of them - T1 (day) and T2 (night), the time of their action was given in the table above. A separate count is kept for each period. At the same time, the device stores the readings of the previous reporting period in memory, which is quite convenient for calculating. The easiest way to explain the process is with an example.

• For tariff T1 - 2052.95 kWh.
• T2 - 1024.16.
• Total - 3077.11.

We rewrite this data into a receipt and call up information for the previous reporting period (September 20), for example, we display:

• T1 - 1892.81.
• T2 - 926.1.
• Total - 2818.91.

We calculate the difference, and then write down the result:

• T1 - 160.14.
• T2 - 98.06.
• Total - 258.2.

T1 - 160.14 x 4.55 = 728.67 rubles.

T2 - 98.06 x 2.62 = 256.92 rubles.

Total - 728.67 + 256.92 = 985.59 rubles.

How to take readings from a multi-tariff meter

The procedure is almost the same as with a two-zone meter. The difference lies in the fact that three indicators are taken - T1 (peak), T2 (half-peak) and T3 (night). The duration of the tariffs has been shown in the table above. General Principle actions when calculating payment, the same as for two-tariff modifications.

How to take readings from electricity meters mercury 200, 206, 233, 230, 231, 234

The listed models have a similar interface. Control is carried out by means of two buttons (see fig. 3). One, with the inscription "ENTER", is used to select the readings of various tariffs, the second, which shows a ring with an arrow-pointer, is used to select the mode.

The procedure for taking readings is as follows:

1. It is necessary to set the appropriate mode, in this case "A". To switch modes, briefly press the button with the ring until a dash appears under the corresponding letter on the display (marked in red in Fig. 3).
2. After setting the mode "A", the display will show the indications for the tariff T1, to view the data of other tariffs (T2 and T3), you must briefly press the "ENTER" button. The number of tariffs is determined by the meter settings, they are produced by the employees of the energy company.
3. Information is displayed in the following format:

• Tariff name (T1-T3).
• Actually, readings (number with two decimal places).

Please note that these devices have a special software... Thanks to him, you can get more detailed information when you connect the meter to a PC.

How to take readings of the energy meter Energomer CE 101, CE 102, TsE6803V?

For electronic devices of the Energomer models, the procedure for obtaining readings is quite simple and does not require any pressing of the control keys, in fact, on some modifications they are absent altogether.

Every 10-15 seconds, the display cyclically displays the data of time zones from T1-T2 or T1-T3 (depending on the device modification) and their total value. In this case, the name of the tariff (T1-T3 and T - the total amount) and, in fact, the readings in the form of a number with two decimal places are displayed at the top of the screen.

The ability to view the readings for the past period is not provided.

How to take readings from the Mikron electricity meter?

This procedure is also not difficult. Using the button (in Fig. 7 it is marked in red), the corresponding information display mode is selected.

On the body, below the information board, the names of the modes are applied, above the current one, a "bird" is displayed on the screen. To correctly take readings, you need to set the T1-T3 mode with the button. For example, if the check mark is above T2, then the displayed data will correspond to the indicators of the selected tariff.

We hope that the information provided will help those who do not know how to take meter readings.