The reduction of the brow ridges has helped people find common ground. Frontal bone

"People of the arc" If you carefully looked at the skin patterns on all fingers of your hands and found only arcs on each finger of the right and left hand, you should know that there are not many such "people of the arc", there are less than 10% of them in Russia. the total population.You, according to

Models of human skulls of the modern type and Heidelberg human.

Paul O "Higgins, University of York

The massive eyebrows that protrude forward, characteristic of ancient people, have decreased over time, and the eyebrows have become more flexible to facilitate communication, archaeologists at the University of York say. Scientists have created a digital 3D reconstruction of the Heidelberg human skull - Homo heidelbergensis- and analyzed a different value superciliary arches in ancient people. Moving eyebrows allow modern people to display a wider range of emotions, scientists write in an article published in Nature Ecology & Evolution.

One of the notable anatomical features that distinguishes modern people from distant ancestors - reduced brow ridges. Anthropologists have several theories to explain massive brow ridges. Some scientists believe that the large brow ridges originally formed to relieve stress on the bones of the skull when biting and chewing rough food. Another hypothesis was that the large brow ridges smoothed the junction of the skull bones that form the orbit. Another assumption suggests that the smoothing of massive brow ridges in anatomically modern people occurred as a result of "self-domestication" - the development of morphological, physiological and behavioral traits that appeared in the process of selecting non-aggressive, tolerant and social people.

Archaeologists at York University, led by Paul O "Higgins, decided to test all three hypotheses. To do this, they researchers the morphology of the skull of a Heidelberg man, which was found in the Kabwe mine, in Zambia. Scientists have dated the remains to a period of 300-125 thousand years ago. Heidelberg man Homo heidelbergensis, considered the closest predecessor of modern humans.

The authors of the new study have created a 3D digital reconstruction of the skull based on computed tomography of the skull. In one embodiment, the skull was recreated with the "natural" brow ridges that the person actually had. In the other two versions, the scientists virtually enlarged or reduced the brow ridges. They hypothesized that if the brow ridges do affect the stress on the bones of the skull, then large arches would minimize it. The researchers then modeled bites of different strengths, measured the stress applied to different teeth, and calculated how much stress the browbones were subjected to.

It turned out that during a bite, the voltage that was transmitted to the brow ridges was small and did not depend on their magnitude. It also turned out that the massive brow ridges were not needed to smooth the connection of the bones of the orbit. Therefore, the authors of the article dismissed hypotheses linking the occurrence of large brow ridges with mechanical and spatial causes and suggested that the brow ridges were one of the signs of sexual dimorphism and decreased as a result of socialization and a decrease in people's aggressiveness.

For analogy, the researchers cite other primates. “By observing other animals, interesting suggestions can be made regarding the role of the protruding brow ridges. Dominant male mandrills have bright blue bumps on either side of their noses that indicate their status, and their growth is influenced by hormones, ”explains Paul O. Higgins. a more upright posture in modern people allows for more friendly emotions that help form social bonds between people. "

Previously scholars that different nations Earth (the study involved native speakers of English, Spanish, Mandarin Chinese and American Sign Language, Amslen) use the same facial expressions to express negative emotions... Regardless of the language used, people frown, chin up, and purse their lips.

Ekaterina Rusakova

In my practice, I divide physiognomy into two large subsections. The first is the physiognomy of the face, this is actually the physiognomy that is customary to talk about, in the section of this physiognomy, the facial features of a person and the fate associated with these features, his character, his spiritual state... The second subsection, which also needs to be given great attention, is the physiognomy of the body. This section explores the relationship between a person's body traits and their state of mind.

Today we will study in more detail the basics of facial physiognomy, how certain interpretations of facial features arise, and what our face and the faces of those around us can tell us. And a face can tell us absolutely everything. Absolutely everything, everything that is in our life with you - both spiritual and material, all this is expressed on our face. A person's face is a business card for a physiognomist. This esoteric tool will allow you to better understand yourself and the people around you.

So, let's start with the very foundation, initially we will divide the entire face into seven main zones.

These seven main areas correspond to the seven chakras of a person. Therefore, if you are familiar with the interpretation of the chakras, then you will very easily remember and assimilate the meaning of all seven areas of a person's face. I do not pursue now to expound all the subtleties and nuances of physiognomy, I will just talk about these seven areas, about those things that I consider important in order to give you an understanding of where all physiognomic interpretations of facial features come from.

The first area is the chin.

This area of ​​the face personifies the first chakra of a person, it is directly connected with the material world, with our physical body and physical abilities. This area of ​​the face reflects a person's connection with the Earth and matter. A wide and massive chin indicates that a person has a very strong physical energy, that this person knows how to deal with matter and worldly life, knows how to achieve material goals. Such people are accustomed to achieving everything on their own, they never rely on others, and they do not need it, because they themselves have such physical strength that they strive to achieve everything themselves. Usually such people are naturally endowed with good health, great physical endurance and strength.

If the chin, on the contrary, is narrow, sharp, not wide, then this indicates a weak connection between a person and matter. Such people do not really like to achieve something in life through their work and strength, these people at the physical level have a rather weak energy. Or rather, not even weak, but thin and sensitive. Such people get tired quickly, get exhausted quickly and get sick more often.

If the chin protrudes strongly forward, then this is a sign of increased human activity. Such people are assertive, active, impulsive. Everything that concerns labor, work and external affairs - they always take the initiative in this, always try to be the first, leaders in worldly affairs. If the chin is oriented more backward, then this gives the person opposite qualities - modesty, indecision, inability to take initiative.

A split chin is a sign of a person's mobility, high communication skills, such people can easily and with great quality perform several tasks at the same time.

Chin injuries indicate a lack of communication between a person and their material life... Usually a person injures his chin when he does the wrong thing, when he does the wrong thing, when he achieves the wrong goals that he needs.

The second area is the mouth.

The mouth area is connected to the second chakra of the person. This area reflects the sensual life of a person, it is associated with sexuality, with the pleasures of worldly life, with pleasures and disgust. The lips are the gateway between the outer life of a person and the inner life. The lips symbolize the external sensual and sexual energy of a person. If the lips are beautiful, plump, well-shaped - this is 100% a sign of a person's good sexual energy, this is a sign of his attractiveness and sensual beauty. In my practice, I met people whose other facial features were not very attractive and beautiful, and their lips were perfect ... and against the general background, in fact, lips decided everything! ... Even if the other features are not attractive, but at the same time lips are very beautiful - this is a direct sign that the person himself will be very liked by other people. But an ugly face and beautiful lips are a rare event, usually if the lips are attractive, then everything else also attracts in this person.

Excessively plump lips can indicate a person's sexual insatiability, an excess of sex hormones and a desire to constantly satisfy their sexual needs, a desire to overly enjoy life. Thin lips, on the contrary, speak of a lack of passion, sensuality, sex appeal.

A large mouth indicates the sexual omnivorousness of a person, such people are not entirely picky in choosing partners for themselves, or rather, it is not even promiscuous, they just can be attracted by a variety of categories and types of people. A small mouth, on the contrary, indicates that a person likes only a certain type. Such people are very pedantic and picky in the choice of sexual partners and life pleasures.

Teeth also reflect a person's sexual energy. But they are responsible for the deepest layers of sexuality. The teeth are initially associated with how the person himself as a whole relates to sex, passion, feelings, emotions, and pleasures. If the idea of ​​the depravity of our life sits inside a person, that sex is a sin and an abomination, then the teeth of such people begin to rot and hurt. Lack of self-satisfaction sex life also leads to tooth decay. Crooked teeth are always a sign of deviations in a person's sexual and sensual preferences, which he does not show anyone about.

The third area is the nose and cheekbones.

This area has a direct connection with the third chakra - manipura. This area is associated with human intelligence, mental abilities, will, with masculinity, with the ability to achieve one's goals, with the ability to value life and oneself. The nose itself is more associated with the mind and intellect, since it is the respiratory organ, the organ through which air moves. And the cheekbones, they more reflect the volitional qualities of a person.

A large nose, strongly protruding forward, always speaks of a person's high intelligence, that a person adheres to his own logic and reason in life. Such people are very courageous, sober mind, they are often strong-willed and stubborn in their thoughts and ideas. In such people, the mind is quite strong and even rough. Small nose speaks of the weakness of the mental qualities of a person, such people are softer, more compliant and pliable.

If you look at a person and see his nostrils, that is, they protrude forward, then this indicates that the person says everything in a row, everything that he thinks, he does not know how to control and restrain his thoughts. If the nostrils of a person are not visible and are hidden under the back of the nose, then this indicates a high secrecy of a person, in his thoughts and ideas.

Large cheekbones indicate a great will of a person, such people are very stubborn, very strong and courageous. Such people have insanely high pride, and sometimes self-esteem. Small cheekbones speak of gentleness of character, of the predominance of a person's pliability and compliance.

The fourth area is the eyes.

This area is associated with the fourth heart chakra, Anahata. A person's eyes reflect his ability to love and accept love, the ability to kindness, compassion and mercy.

Big and beautiful eyes always indicate a very high sensitivity of a person. Such people are able to see what other people are experiencing, they are able to experience them on themselves. inner feelings and suffering. People with big eyes are highly observant, their hearts are wide open. These are family people, they know how to love and accept love from other people. Small eyes are a sign that a person is more interested in themselves than others. Such people are not able to empathize and feel the experiences of other people, such people do not notice what is happening in the souls of others.

The color of the eyes indicates the predominance of certain energies and qualities in the human soul. Gray - intelligence, logic and rationality. Brown, black - strength, energy, secrecy, the darker the eyes, the more secretive a person is. Blue - sensitivity, softness, tenderness. Green is the strength of the heart, discernment. Blue is the strength of the spirit, the strength of consciousness. Yellow - masculinity, energy, will, belligerence.

Eye problems always occur due to problems in relationships with family and loved ones.

The fifth area is the eyebrows, superciliary arches.

This area is associated with the fifth chakra. Large brow ridges, which protrude strongly forward, are always a sign of the breadth of a person's soul, spiritual openness, such people are internally driven by freedom, the desire for independence and honor. They are very sincere and open people, they do not recognize lies and falsity, they do not accept rigid rules and restrictions in their lives. For these people, freedom and truth are above all. But sometimes, in flight for honor and truth, such people can be overly cold-blooded and cruel towards other people. Small eyebrows and superciliary arches speak of a person's ability to deceive, change, deceit.

The sixth area is the forehead.

This area is associated with the sixth chakra Ajna. Big forehead indicates the spiritual sensitivity and sensitivity of a person, such people are able to deeply penetrate into the essence of things and understand them, they are able to get to the bottom of the very truth of what is happening in their lives. A small forehead gives the opposite qualities to a person.

Of great importance are the lines that cross the entire forehead. These lines practically, like the lines of a person's palms, reflect the fate and life of a person.

The seventh area is the crown of the head.

This area is associated with the seventh chakra. The crown of the head reflects the person himself, the way he sees himself, how he understands himself, it also reflects our connection with God and his higher self.

By the qualities of a person's hair, a lot can be said about him, about his energy. Weak and thin hair is a sign of weak energy, weak connection with the spirit, such people are more mundane and material than spiritual. Thick, strong hair indicates a symptom great energy a person, about his strong connection with the spiritual world. Dark hair indicates vigor, masculinity, strength of energy. On the contrary, blond hair is a sign of softness, tenderness and sensitivity of a person's energies.

Hair loss indicates that a person loses his connection with God, with his Divine Self.People with bald head no longer live according to the laws of their inner the spiritual world, such people begin to live by what gives them outer life, external norms, rules and laws.

Today, wide, thick eyebrows are in vogue, and more recently they were replaced by thin plucked "strings". While stylists are breaking their spears in disputes about which eyebrows give more expressiveness a woman's face, Scientists continue their no less long-standing dispute: why did our distant ancestors have large brow ridges that literally hang over their eyes, while a modern person has a smooth forehead? Is there an evolutionary sense in all of this, and why did the brow ridges disappear over time? Recent research by scientists from the University of York (UK) suggests that the answer must be sought in the field of social communication.

Many hypotheses about the function of the brow ridges in ancient people were put forward. For example, it was believed that they served as a "visor" from the sun or protected the eyes from the ingress of sweat and hair, but no convincing evidence of this was found. V recent times the so-called mechanical, according to which the superciliary arches increased the resistance of the skull bones to chewing loads, and spatial, which emphasizes their role in the formation of bony joints in the orbit area.

To clarify the truth or falsity of these hypotheses, British scientists used a 3D computer model of the skull. Heidelberg human who lived 600-200 thousand years ago. The prototype was a skull found by archaeologists in the Kabwe Cave (Zambia). By simulating the load on the chewing system, scientists have found that the eyebrows are not involved in this process in any way, as for the orbit, in this case, their size does not matter. It was necessary to look further.

Scientists turned to the study of animals that had morphologically similar formations. So, the male mandrill, a very picturesque monkey from the family of monkeys, there are conspicuous swellings on the sides of the nose, and the bones that make up their base have a structure characteristic of the fossil bones of the browbones of human ancestors. The growth of these formations in monkeys is regulated by male sex hormones, and the size reflects social status animal: the dominant monkeys can boast of the largest.

Thus, the pronounced brow ridges in our early ancestors could play the role of a morphological marker of the individual's leadership qualities and aggressive behavior. Over the past 100 thousand years, the brow ridges have decreased, which, probably, was at first side effect reduction of the facial skull as a whole. In the last 20 thousand years, when people switched from a "mobile" lifestyle of hunters and gatherers to a sedentary agricultural lifestyle, this process has accelerated significantly. And note: an important result of the reduction of the brow bones is the increased mobility of the brows.

Eyebrow movements are one of the tools of social interaction with which we express a huge range of emotions and their nuances. For example, a quick "take-off" of eyebrows is a universal signal of openness, readiness to communicate; a slow rise is a sign of surprise or indignation. From small movements of the eyebrows, information can be extracted that indicates the degree of truthfulness of a person. On the other hand, according to research results, in some people after cosmetic injections of neurotoxin botox, which limits muscle contractions and, accordingly, eyebrow movements, the ability to emotional experience also decreases.

Modern man is the only surviving representative of the subfamily (Homininae), which also includes neanderthal and pithecatropa... The rest of its members disappeared: they partly became extinct, and partly mixed with people of the modern physical type, who settled around the globe, often surviving in rather extreme conditions. Our prosperity has been greatly facilitated by the ability to socialize and mutual assistance. And, according to scientists, moving eyebrows could play an important role in the preservation of modern man as a species, serving as a tool for emotional communication.

Prepared by Maria Perepechaeva

An operation to make the face more feminine. Face - important element appearance, so patients who have undergone gender reassignment surgery tend to look as feminine as possible. Plastic surgeries of this kind help to avoid many psychological trauma and problems, they help a person to adapt in society.

Differences in female and male face types

It is known that the skeletal structure of a woman and a man differs in size and shape. This applies to the structure of the head, body and limbs. The cranial bones that form the face differ in length, thickness and size, so in men the temporal arches, jaw bones and bones in the cheekbones are much more pronounced than in women.

The differences between the face of a man and a woman are especially noticeable in its upper part. For example, a woman's forehead is more sloping and the brow ridges are smaller than that of men. Women's eyebrows are set higher, they are slightly raised and curved in a peculiar way.

Specialists in the field of aesthetic plastic surgery distinguish such differences between the faces of women and men:

The brow ridges of men hang over the eyes, due to which the forehead seems heavy.

If you draw a line from the point of hair growth to the brow ridges, then in men it will be much flatter in shape than in women.

The distance from the hairline to the eyebrows is greater in men than in women.

The brow ridges and bumps on the forehead

The facial skull consists of a pair of zygomatic and maxillary bones, as well as bone lower jaw... A large area is occupied by the forehead bone, especially its most powerful part. On both sides on this part there are protrusions, or bumps on the forehead, under which the eyebrows are located. Under the eyebrows, the bone ends with the orbital edges, between the eyebrows there is a depression above the bridge of the nose.

In general, the eyebrows and bumps on the forehead are more prominent in men than in women. This is due to the greater production of testosterone by the male body during puberty. The size of the eyebrow allocation also depends on the width of the airways of the forehead.

To give the appearance of more femininity to people who have changed their sex, an operation is required to change the parameters of the bumps on the forehead and eyebrows. The bumps are grinded using special medical cutters. This significantly changes the appearance of the eyebrows and forehead, the eyebrows are raised and the gaze opens, due to which the facial features are softened and become feminine.

Sometimes it is enough to simply change the parameters of the eyebrows and forehead to make the face quite feminine.

Frontal shape correction

The operation to reshape the forehead, correct the bumps on the forehead and the brow ridges is called frontoplasty... It is performed in two ways. First option- reduction of the frontal bone by grinding and moving it forward. Second option- augmentation of cavities with implants. Basically, when changing sex, the first version of the operation is used.

In some situations, the formation of eyebrow contours is performed through an incision in the eyelid area, this makes it possible to combine eyebrow changes with blepharoplasty. This is suitable for patients with a not very prominent forehead and not very pronounced eyebrows.

The backward shift of the bone is carried out without affecting the area inside the skull.

The posterior and anterior walls of the frontal sinus are bony, but a thick inner wall separates the sinus from the cranial cavity. The natural purpose of the frontal sinus is to moisturize and heat the air at the moment of inhalation, relieve the skull and resonate speech sounds.

Air cavities are found in many human bones, which lightens the skeletal system and reduces stress on the spine. The skeleton of men is more powerful and heavier than that of women, therefore the volume of the air sinuses of the bones of men is greater than that of women.

Frontoplasty is able to change the forehead, brow ridges and bumps on the forehead by 3-7 millimeters.

Coronary access surgery

The operation is performed using coronary access. The surgeon makes an incision in the scalp from the right to the left auricle. Next, the doctor exfoliates soft tissue with the fascia to expose the bones of the forehead. Next, an operative sinus osteotomy and implantation are performed. At the end of the operation, the transfer fragment is fixed with special glue or plates on micro screws.

Stages of frontal plasty

To access the forehead bone, a longitudinal zigzag incision is made in the area of ​​hair growth.

The skin flap and periosteum are lifted to access the bones and sinuses of the forehead. The edges of the flap are limited by medical clips to prevent blood loss.

The frontal sinus is opened, the surgeon is able to see the mucous membrane and bony bridges. The bone margins must be smoothed and the bridges must be removed.

The projections of the frontal bone are aligned with medical cutters. If necessary, the supraorbital nerve is released from the bone canal.

The bone fragment is placed in a new position, the nerve connections are checked. They are fixed with special glue.

The tissue flap is returned to its place, but it must be pulled a little tighter than before the intervention. Due to a decrease in the frontal volume, the excess part of the tissue is excised, and sutures are applied to the wound surface.

Before and after frontoplasty

Postoperative care

The operation to change the bumps on the forehead, forehead and eyebrows lasts from 2 to 4 hours, it depends on the degree of complexity of the operation.

After frontoplasty for 1.5-2 weeks, there is edema on the face. Hematomas may appear, which disappear on their own in a week

To quickly relieve swelling and bruising, rest on high pillows is necessary to avoid rush of blood to the head

In the first two days, you cannot wet your head. On the third day, you can rinse your hair gently, but carefully so as not to injure the seams. Use shampoo for children

If you have headaches, you can use pain relievers as directed by your doctor. In addition, the doctor prescribes antibiotics.

Removal of stitches is carried out in 10-12 days. Use a comb gently and wash your hair as gently as possible. Even if there is itching in the area of ​​the scars, they should not be scratched.

Possible complications

Soreness

Bleeding

Swelling of scars

Redness of the skin

Swelling and bruising

Wound infection

To avoid thrombosis, you must drink as much water as possible without gas and move. Avoid sitting or lying down for long periods of time, take regular walks, or do wellness walking.

Special complications

Impaired muscle activity and numbness in the area of ​​the operation. It passes as the wound heals, or indicates that the doctor has affected the nerve.

Psychological problems. A course of psychotherapy, rest and massage may be required if it is difficult for the patient to recognize himself in the mirror.

Disappointment after surgery. Immediately after the operation, you will not be able to enjoy your beautiful appearance, since the tissues need to be restored. Don't rush things.

The appearance of rough scars and scars at the site of the seams. Happens due to individual characteristics the patient's body. Surgical correction may be required.

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