There is such a thing in linguistics as a subordinating relationship. In Russian, the subordinating connection occurs in phrases and sentences. This happens all the time in speech. But what is a subordinating phrase and a sentence?
First, let's look at what subordination means. It connects independent (significant) words and phrases through the fact that one part is main and the other is dependent. It is very easy to check this. From the main part, you can ask a question to the dependent. Such a connection is determined both by meaning and grammatically. For example, beautiful flower, where from the word "flower" you can ask the question "what?" to the word "beautiful" and determine that the dependent here is an adjective.
Types of subordination in a phrase
Coordination
The gender, number and case form of the dependent part are fully consistent with the main part, that is, it is likened to it. From the main word, you can ask questions “what?” and "whose?" (These questions may vary depending on the form).
When agreeing, the noun is always the main one, and the dependents can be:
- Adjectives: blue sea, clear image, bright light.
- Ordinal numbers: first place, (on) the tenth floor, hundredth film.
- Participles: a writing person, a running kitten, a bouncing ball.
- Possessive pronouns (other than them, him, her): our hearts, my treasure.
Coordination also is complete and incomplete. In the first case, the dependent word in all forms is likened to the main one, and in the second case, only partially. But the incomplete form concerns rather only exceptions and vernacular. An example of incomplete (or partial) agreement is the case when a word denoting a profession (as we know, many such words are in the masculine form, but the person himself can be a woman) has an adjective next to it, but in a different gender (our doctor).
Control
When controlling, the dependent word changes under the influence of the main word only in case, one word “controls” another. A word combination with control can be: a verb + a noun, a gerund + a noun, a participle + a noun, two nouns or a cardinal number + a noun. It happens two types of control: with a preposition when there is a preposition, or without a preposition. When managing a dependent word, the question of the indirect case or the adverbial question (where, where, where from) is asked, since the word can answer two questions at the same time.
Examples: smoking a cigarette, living in a house, a cat toy, six players, dropping out of school, writing books.
adjoining
With this type of connection, one part "adjoins" the other. In other words, these phrases determined only by meaning, since both parts retain all their shapes. The main sign of adjacency is that the dependent word is an invariable part of speech (verb infinitive, gerund, adverb, pronouns his, her, them).
The main difference from management and coordination is precisely the “independence” of the parts and dependence on each other only in meaning. Adjacency is the connection of two nouns if they denote a name (Lake Baikal, the country of Russia, the Volga River). You can ask a circumstantial question (not to be confused with management!): what to do, what to do, what to do, what to do, and whose (him, her, them).
Examples: his jacket, planet Earth, live well, drive without stopping, grew up quickly.
Phrases that do not have a subordinating connection
- Word and service part of speech (near the house).
- Compound words (more vivid).
- Words joined by "and".
- Phraseologisms.
- Verb and subject.
Subordination in sentences
Sentences also have a subordinating relationship, but this only applies to non-compound sentences. A complex sentence differs from a compound one in that both parts cannot be broken. If they are used separately, then the sentence will lose its meaning, while parts of a compound sentence are quite possible use separately and on the letter to divide by a dot.
Separate the types of subordination in such sentences only if there are several subordinate clauses. For example: he told me that he would only go to the place where he was sent. Here we see one main clause and two dependent ones.
- sequential;
- parallel;
- homogeneous.
Sequential a sentence can be defined if a question goes from the main part to a subordinate clause, and from this clause to another clause. For example: I bought a jacket (which one?), which was sewn for me in an atelier (in which one?), which is far from my home.
At parallel in the form of subordination to all subordinate clauses, questions are asked from the main part, but from different words. Thus, a kind of "parallel" is obtained. In such cases, usually main part is among dependents. (Example: when the bell rang at school, I was talking to a new classmate who had recently moved into our class).
At homogeneous type dependent sentences refer to the same word in the main part. (For example: today I went for a walk in the park, which is usually very few people and where I forgot my jacket).
writing connection
Means of expressing syntactic links in phrases
III. Adverbial phrases
1. Phrases with an adverb (for example: very well, still good).
2. Phrases with nouns (for example: far from home, alone with my son, shortly before exams).
Syntactic connection - formal constructional relations between the components of syntactic units, revealing semantic connections (syntactic relations) and expressed by means of the language.
Means of expressing syntactic links in phrases and simple sentences:
1) word forms:
the case form of nouns;
number, gender, case of adjectives;
person, number, gender of conjugated forms of verbs.
2) prepositions;
3) word order;
4) intonation (in written speech it is expressed with the help of punctuation marks).
Syntactic links are divided into coordinating and subordinating, which oppose each other on the basis of the presence / absence of the relationship of "master" and "servant" in the syntactic construction.
At composition single function components. This connection is characterized by the number of combined structural components, i.e. sign of openness/closedness.
At closed coordinative communication only two of its components can be connected ( brother not sister; you love sadly and hard, and a woman's heart is joking). Necessarily expressed by opposing unions ( a, but), gradation ( not only but; yes and), explanatory ( namely, that is).
With an open coordinative connection, an indefinite number of components can be connected at once. It can be expressed without conjunctions or with the help of connectives ( and, Yes) and separating ( or, or, also etc.) unions.
At subordination the role of the components in the creation of the structure is different, they are multifunctional. The Russian language has different formal means of expressing the subordinating relationship. These funds are grouped into three main types.
First view the formal expression of dependence is likening the form of the dependent word to the forms of the dominant word; such assimilation is carried out in those cases when the dependent word changes in cases, numbers and gender (this is an adjective, including pronominal adjectives, ordinal numbers and participles), in cases and numbers (this is a noun) or in cases, except for them. n. and, for some. excl., wine n. (numerals); eg: new house (new home, new home...), late passengers, my brother, first flight; tower house, giant plant; three tables, four tables, several athletes. The condition for the formation of such a connection is the possibility that the connecting words of the case, number and gender coincide - with the dependence of the adjective, or the case and the number, or only the case - with the dependence of the noun ( tower house, in the tower house..., nursery-new building, in manger-new building...).
Second view formal expression of dependence - setting a dependent word in the form of an indirect case without a preposition or with a preposition (attaching a case form of a name to a word); the main word in such a connection can be a word of any part of speech, and a noun can be a dependent one (including a pronoun-noun, a quantitative and a collective numeral): read a book, get angry at a student, enter the yard, marry the groom, watch the instruments, be in the city, work for seven, father's arrival, buying a house, award to the winners, math exam, city on the Volga, capable of science, alone with myself, stronger than death, someone in a mask, first on the edge.
Third view formal expression of dependence - the addition to the dominant word of a word that does not have forms of change: an adverb, an invariable adjective, as well as an infinitive or gerund, which syntactically behave like independent words. In this case, the main word can be a verb, a noun, an adjective, a quantitative numeral, and also, when combined with an adverb, a pronoun-noun. With this type of connection, the immutability of the dependent word itself serves as a formal indicator of dependence, and the resulting relationship serves as an internal, semantic indicator: run fast, right turn, beige, overcoat saddle, golden side, sixth from left, three upstairs, order to advance, decide to leave, act smarter, older people, someone more experienced.
In modern Russian, three types of subordination are traditionally distinguished: agreement, control and adjunction. When delimiting and defining these connections, not only strictly formal types of connection should be taken into account, but also inseparable from these types significant side connections, i.e., relations arising on its basis.
Coordination- this is a subordinating relationship, which is expressed by likening the form of the dependent word to the form of the dominant word in gender, number and case, or in number and case, or only in case, and means proper attributive relations: new house, someone else, tower house, nursery-new building. The main word in agreement can be a noun, a pronoun-noun and a cardinal numeral in the form im.-vin. n. With informatively insufficient words, agreement combines a definitive meaning with a complementary meaning and thus acquires signs of a strong connection: funny business, incomprehensible things.
Control- this is a subordinating relationship, which is expressed by attaching a noun to the dominant word in the form of an indirect case (without a preposition or with a preposition) and means a relationship that is complementary or object or contaminated: object-supplementing or object-defining. The main word in control can be a word of any part of speech: become a scientist, be ignorant, master of fiction, contemplative, two students, alone with myself; read a book, buying a house, angry at everyone; run into rudeness; get home, drive off the mountain..
adjoining- this is a subordinating relationship that exists in two forms, of which each receives an independent definition. There is a distinction between adjacency in the narrow sense of the word (or adjunction proper) and adjunction in the broad sense of the word (case adjacency). Adjacency proper - this is a connection in which invariable words act as a dependent word: an adverb, an invariable adjective, as well as an infinitive, or a participle. In this case, various relations may arise: when adjoining the infinitive - complementary (), object ( learn to draw, agree to go), or adverbial adjectives ( come talk); adjoining adverbs, gerunds - definitive ( To talk slowly, read faster, extremely interesting, city at night, second from left) or defining complementary ( be nearby, get expensive, be listed here, get smarter); when adjoining an invariable adjective - proper definitives ( indigo, tsunami waves, mini skirt, older boy). The word of any part of speech can dominate in this connection.
case junction- this is an attachment to the main word (any part of speech) of a case (without a preposition or with a preposition) form of a name with a definitive meaning: come May 5th, come in the evening, wooden spoon, city on the Volga, house with two windows, gray checkered, handsome face , teapot lid, one step ahead, someone in blue, first in line. With case adjacency, there are attributive, subject-determinative relations, or - with informatively insufficient words that require a circumstantial distributor, - adverbial-replenishing ( be on the coast, be in the factory, cost a hundred rubles, long before dawn).
Phrase.
With the help of the site, you can easily learn how to determine the type of subordinating relationship.
subordination- this is a connection that unites sentences or words, one of which is the main (subordinate), and the other is dependent (subordinate).
phrase- this is a combination of two or more significant words related to each other in meaning and grammatically.
green eyes, writing letters, hard to convey.
In the phrase, the main (from which the question is asked) and the dependent (to which the question is asked) word is distinguished:
Blue ball. Rest outside the city. The ball and rest are the main words.
Trap!
The following are not subordinating phrases:
1. The combination of an independent word with a service: near the house, before a thunderstorm, let him sing;
2. Combinations of words as part of phraseological units: beatbuckets, fool around, headlong;
3. Subject and predicate: the night has come;
4. Compound word forms : lighter, will walk;
5. Groups of words united by a coordinating link: Fathers and Sons.
Video about types of subordination
If you like the video format, you can watch it.
There are three types of subordination:
| connection type | What part of speech can the dependent word be? | what question is asked to the dependent word |
| agreement (when the main word changes, the dependent word changes): seashore, young people reading, first snow, my home |
adjective, participle, ordinal number, some categories of pronouns | which? Questions may vary by case! |
| control (when changing the main word, the dependent does not change): | noun or pronoun in the indirect case with or without a preposition | questions of indirect cases (of whom? what? - about whom? about what?) Remember! The prepositional case form of a noun can be a circumstance, therefore questions of circumstance are asked for these forms (see below) |
| adjunction (dependent word is an invariable part of speech!): listen carefully, go without looking back, soft-boiled egg |
1. infinitive 2. gerund 3. adverb 4. possessive pronouns(his, her, them) |
1. what to do? what to do? 2. What are you doing? having done what? 3. how? where? where? where? when? why? why? |
Distinguish!
Her coat is adjoining (whose), to see her is control (whom).
In the categories of pronouns, two homonymous (the same in sound and spelling, but different in meaning) categories are distinguished. The questions of indirect cases are answered by the personal pronoun, and it participates in the subordinating connection - control, and the possessive answers the question whose? and is immutable, it participates in adjacency.
Go to the garden - management, go there - adjoining.
Distinguish between the prepositional case form and the adverb. They may have the same questions! If there is a preposition between the main word and the dependent, then you have control.
Algorithm of actions No. 1.
1) Identify the main word by asking a question from one word to another.
2) Determine the part of speech of the dependent word.
3) Pay attention to the question you ask to the dependent word.
4) According to the identified signs, determine the type of connection.
Parsing the task.
What type of connection is used in the phrase CAPTURE MECHANICALLY.
We define the main word and ask a question from it: catch (how?) mechanically; catch - main word, mechanically - dependent. Determine the part of speech of the dependent word: mechanically- is an adverb. If the dependent word answers the question as? and is an adverb, then the phrase uses the connection abutment.
Algorithm of actions No. 2.
1. In the text, it is easier for you to find the dependent word first.
2. If you need agreement, look for the word that answers the question which? whose?
3. If you need control, look for a non-nominative noun or pronoun.
4. If you need to find an adjunction, look for an invariable word (infinitive, gerund, adverb or possessive pronoun).
5. Determine from which word you can ask a question to the dependent word.
Compound sentences always consist of two or more simple ones (also called predicative parts) that connect various types connections: allied coordinating, allied and allied subordinating connection. It is the presence or absence of unions and their meaning that make it possible to establish the type of connection in the sentence.
Definition of a subordinate relationship in a sentence
Subordination, or subordination- a type of connection in which one of the predicative parts is the main, subordinate, and the other is dependent, subordinate. Such a connection is transmitted through subordinating conjunctions or allied words; from the main part to the subordinate it is always possible to ask a question. Thus, the subordinating connection (unlike the coordinating one) implies a syntactic inequality between the predicative parts of the sentence.
For example: In geography lessons, we learned (about what?) why there are ebb and flow, where In geography lessons we learned- main part, there are ebb and flow - adnexa, why - subordinating union.
Subordinating conjunctions and allied words
The predicative parts of a complex sentence connected by a subordinating relationship are connected using subordinating conjunctions, allied words. In turn, subordinating conjunctions are divided into simple and complex.
To simple unions relate: what, to, how, when, barely, while, if, as if, as if, exactly, for, although and others. 
We want all nations to live happily.
Compound conjunctions include at least two words: because, because, since, in order to, as soon as, while, until, despite the fact that, as if and others. Once The sun rose, all the songbirds woke up.
Relative pronouns and adverbs can act as allied words: who, what, which, whose, which, how much(in all cases); where, where, from where, when, how, why, why and others. Allied words always answer a question and are one of the members of a subordinate clause. I brought you there, where even the gray wolf did not run!(G. Rosen)
You need to know: what is it, its examples in the literature.
Types of subordination in a complex sentence
Depending on the means linking predicative parts, stand out the following types submissions:
- allied subordination - parts of a complex sentence are connected by simple or complex unions. He opened the doors wider to let the procession pass freely.
- relative subordination - there is an allied word between the predicative parts. After death, people return to the same place from where they came.
- interrogative-relative subordination - parts of a complex sentence are connected by means of interrogative-relative pronouns and adverbs. In the subordinate part, a member of the main sentence expressed by a verb or a noun is explained, which has the meaning of an utterance, mental activity, feeling, perception, internal state. Berlioz looked around sadly, not understanding what had frightened him.(M. Bulgakov).
Often, one complex sentence contains more than two predicative parts that are dependent on the main one. Concerning There are several types of submission:
This is interesting: in the rules of the Russian language.
Based on which member of the main sentence is explained or extended by the dependent, subordinate clauses in some sources are subdivided subject, predicate, attributive, complementary and adverbial.
- Each, whom he met here, offered him help. The subordinate clause extends the subject of the main clause each.
- Never think that you already know everything.(I. Pavlov) The subordinate part explains the predicate of the main think.
- You should never regret what can no longer be changed. In this case, the subordinate part answers the question of the prepositional case.
A more common classification is that, depending on the questions they answer, adjuncts are divided as follows:
complex sentences with different types connections- this is complex sentences , which consist of at least out of three simple sentences , interconnected by a coordinating, subordinating and non-union connection.
To understand the meaning of such complex structures, it is important to understand how the simple sentences included in them are grouped together.
Often complex sentences with different types of connection are divided into two or more parts (blocks), connected with the help of coordinating unions or union-free; and each part in structure is either a complex sentence or a simple one.
For example:
1) [Sad I]: [No friend with me], (with whom I would wash down a long parting), (to whom I could shake hands from the heart and wish many merry years)(A. Pushkin).
This is a complex sentence with different types of communication: non-union and subordinating, consists of two parts (blocks) connected asylum-free; the second part reveals the reason for what is said in the first; The first part of the structure is a simple sentence; Part II is a complex sentence with two subordinate clauses, with homogeneous subordination.
2) [lane was all in the gardens], and [the fences grew lindens throwing now, by the moon, a wide shadow], (so that fences and gates on one side completely drowned in darkness)(A. Chekhov).
This is a complex sentence with different types of communication: coordinating and subordinating, consists of two parts connected by a coordinating connecting union and, the relations between the parts are enumerative; The first part of the structure is a simple sentence; Part II - a complex sentence with a subordinate clause; the subordinate clause depends on everything main, joins it with a union so.
In a complex sentence, there may be sentences with various types of allied and allied connection.
These include:
1) composition and submission.
For example: The sun set, and night followed day without interval, as is usually the case in the south.(Lermontov).
(And - a coordinating union, as - a subordinating union.)
Schematic of this offer:
2) composition and non-union communication.
For example: The sun had long since set, but the forest had not yet had time to subside: the doves murmured near, the cuckoo cuckooed in the distance.(Bunin).
(But - a coordinating conjunction.)
Schematic of this offer:
3) subordination and non-union communication.
For example: When he awoke, the sun was already rising; the barrow obscured him(Chekhov).
(When - subordinating union.)
Schematic of this offer:
4) composition, subordination and non-union connection.
For example: The garden was spacious and grew only oaks; they had only recently begun to blossom, so that now through the young leaves one could see the whole garden with its stage, tables and swings.
(And is a coordinating conjunction, so a subordinating conjunction.)
Schematic of this offer:
In complex sentences with a coordinating and subordinating connection, coordinating and subordinating unions may be nearby.
For example: The weather was fine all day, but when we sailed to Odessa, it began to rain heavily.
(But - a coordinating union, when - a subordinating union.)
Schematic of this offer:
Punctuation marks in sentences with different types of connection
In order to correctly punctuate complex sentences with different types of connection, it is necessary to highlight simple sentences, determine the type of connection between them and choose corresponding sign punctuation.
As a rule, a comma is placed between simple sentences as part of a complex one with different types of connection.
For example: [In the morning, in the sun, the trees were covered with luxurious hoarfrost] , and [this went on for two hours] , [then the frost disappears] , [sun closed] , and [the day passed quietly, thoughtfully , with a drop in the middle of the day and anomalous lunar twilight in the evening].
Sometimes two, three or more simple suggestions most closely related to each other in meaning and can be separated from other parts of a complex sentence semicolon . Most often, a semicolon occurs in place of an allied connection.
For example: (When he woke up) [the sun was already rising] ; [the barrow obscured him].(The proposal is complex, with different types of connection: with allied and allied connection.)
In the place of an allied bond between simple sentences in complex possible also comma , dash and colon , which are placed according to the rules for punctuation in a non-union complex sentence.
For example: [The sun has long since set] , but[the forest hasn't died down yet] : [doves murmured near] , [Cuckoo calls in the distance]. (The proposal is complex, with different types of connection: with allied and allied connection.)
[Leo Tolstoy saw a broken burdock] – and [lightning flashes] : [there was an idea for an amazing story about Hadji Murad](Paust.). (The sentence is complex, with different types of connection: coordinative and non-union.)
In complex syntactic constructions that break up into large logical-syntactic blocks, which themselves are complex sentences or in which one of the blocks turns out to be a complex sentence, punctuation marks are placed at the junction of the blocks indicating the relationship of the blocks, while maintaining the internal signs placed on their own. own syntactic basis.
For example: [Bushes, trees, even stumps are so familiar to me here], (that wild clearing has become like a garden to me) : [every bush, every pine, fir-tree caressed], and [they all became mine], and [it's like I planted them], [this is my own garden](Prishv.) - at the junction of blocks there is a colon; [Yesterday a woodcock stuck its nose into this foliage] (to get a worm out from under it) ; [at this time we approached], and [he was forced to take off without throwing off the worn layer of old aspen leaves from his beak](Shv.) - at the junction of blocks there is a semicolon.
Particularly difficult is punctuation at the junction of the writing and subordinating unions (or a coordinating union and an allied word). Their punctuation is subject to the laws of the design of sentences with a coordinating, subordinating and non-union connection. However, at the same time, proposals in which several unions are nearby stand out and require special attention.
In such cases, a comma is placed between unions if the second part of the double union does not follow. then yes, but(in this case, the subordinate clause can be omitted). In other cases, a comma is not placed between the two unions.
For example: Winter was coming and , when the first frosts hit, it became hard to live in the forest. - Winter was approaching, and when the first frosts hit, it became hard to live in the forest.
You can call me but , If you don't call today, we'll leave tomorrow. You can call me, but if you don't call today, we'll leave tomorrow.
I think that , if you try hard, you will succeed. “I think that if you try hard, you will succeed.
Syntactic analysis of a complex sentence with different types of connection
Scheme for parsing a complex sentence with different types of connection
1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).
2. Indicate the type of sentence by emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).
3. Determine (by grammatical foundations) the number of simple sentences, find their boundaries.
4. Determine the semantic parts (blocks) and the type of connection between them (union-free or coordinative).
5. Give a description of each part (block) in terms of structure (simple or complex sentence).
6. Draw up a proposal scheme.
A SAMPLE OF ANALYZING A COMPLEX OFFER WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONNECTION
[Suddenly a thick fog], [as if separated by a wall he me from the rest of the world], and, (so as not to get lost), [ I I decided