Maria sergeenko life of ancient rome. Sergeenko M. Life of Ancient Rome

Sergeenko M.E.

LIFE OF ANCIENT ROME

Sergeenko M.E. The life of ancient Rome. -

SPb .: Publishing and trading house "Letniy Sad"; Magazine "Neva", 2000. - 368 p.

Scientific editor, compiler of a short glossary

A. V. Gervais

Decoration

E. B. Gorbatova and S. A. Bulachova

This book was created on the basis of the lectures I gave in 1958-1961. to classics students of the Faculty of Philology of Leningrad University. The words that the author himself is well aware of the shortcomings of his book are pronounced so often that they have become a stencil and do not mean anything. I would like to be accepted as meaningful and plentiful. And if, nevertheless, I decide to publish this book, then this is explained by the desire, even if incompletely, to acquaint our reader with everyday life, with the everyday life of Ancient Rome. Without this acquaintance, one cannot properly understand either Roman literature or the history of Rome. The books we have on this topic are very outdated.

This book would not have seen the light if it had not been for the active assistance of Academician V.V. Struve and the Directorate of the Leningrad Branch of the Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences. KM Kolobova gave me many valuable instructions and corrections. To all of them, as well as students, my former listeners, whose young curiosity kept pushing me to seek and study, I bring my deepest gratitude.

Leningrad

CHAPTER. FIRST ROME

He was alone; was just a city.

A. Tvardovsky

It was just called “the city”, and when the word “urbs” was pronounced, everyone understood that it was about Rome. Foreigners who visited this capital of the world enthusiastically told their fellow countrymen about magnificent buildings that amazed with their deliberate boldness of design and incomparable luxury of decoration, about stately forums, about triumphal arches, which calmly and irrefutably narrated about the victories and conquests of Rome. An echo of this enthusiastic amazement is heard in the epithets accompanying his name: "golden", "eternal." In a strange way, the last of them retained its strength. Rome was taken and plundered by the barbarians; its streets were overgrown with grass, cows grazed on its forums; temples and palaces turned into ruins, but in the agonizing roar of medieval military fuss, amid the stupid fragmentation of the feudal world, people's eyes invariably turned to this former focus of earthly power. The distance of centuries hid the dark and terrible sides of ancient Rome: it seemed to be a symbol of state power that ensured peace and prosperity for its subjects; for people who only the day before learned what the alphabet was, it was the abode from which the light of enlightenment and reason flowed.

Since the Renaissance, Rome has become a great school where artists, poets and scientists came to study. In Rome, it was good to study not only ancient history; history here threw off its school and book clothes; she entered today as a living yesterday: in the language of ruins, stones and tombstones, Rome told what the past had achieved, what it stumbled on, and what tasks the ancestors had left to their distant descendants to solve. And the beginning did not at all foreshadow this future glory. On the tops of several hills, huts, woven from branches and smeared with clay, stood in disarray. A pillar in the middle of the hut supported a thatched or thatched roof; the smoke from the hearth went out into the hole above the door, over which a canopy was sometimes fitted. The hearth was portable, and grooves were cut in the stone floor to drain water. The place where these ancient settlers settled was a jumble of ravines, hollows, swampy lowlands and shallow rivulets that flowed down from the hills, located in an amphitheater on the left bank of the Tiber. Strabo, reflecting on what economic advantages of this place contributed to the rise of Rome, emphatically emphasizes that it was chosen not for sober consideration of its benefits, but out of necessity. Good places were busy, had to be content with what remained. One can, however, imagine what attracted the most ancient inhabitants in this area: the hills, albeit low (some - a little higher than 50 m, others - a little lower), sometimes steep and steep, were still a natural fortress, and swampy hollows that turned sometimes in real swamps, they made this fortress even more reliable. Forests grew all around and keys beat; pure water, building materials, fuel and game were at hand. Nearby there was a large navigable river: it was easy to go up and down; it was possible to start a trade with whoever you need; it was possible, on occasion, to organize a robbery raid.

In the VII century. BC. the population of these villages, who lived completely apart, began to unite, and in the VI century. under the influence and rule of the Etruscans, Rome had already become a real city. He grows; at first the center of an invisible country, it becomes the capital of a powerful state and, in the end, the capital of a world power. And the advantages that attracted the earliest inhabitants to these hills and lowlands now turn out to be disadvantages. The hills are steep and difficult to climb; in spite of all the work of draining the wetlands, which had begun even before the Tarquinians, malaria was not transferred to the city and reaped a bountiful harvest every autumn; the streets are narrow and crooked; “With all their might, the Romans cannot straighten them out,” Diodorus remarked venomously (XIV. 116.9). These streets, streets and alleys wind through valleys, climb hills; in this intertwining network there is neither system nor order: “the most disorderly city in the world,” says A. Boetsius, a leading expert on ancient urban planning.

Later Romans felt some embarrassment from this "planlessness" of their city and explained it by the haste with which it was rebuilt after the terrible Gallic pogrom (390 BC). Cicero angrily contrasted the broad, well-planned streets of Capua with the pitiful streets of Rome (de leg. Agr. II. 35. 96). And these original shortcomings were joined by new ones, gradually created by the historical situation.

The importance of Rome is growing and its population is increasing; Rome attracts people from everywhere - it becomes difficult with housing; there are not enough apartments and nowhere to build. The lack of the means of communication that we have makes it impossible for the suburbs to surround our big cities to emerge. Those who earned their bread by their labor, who were associated with state, judicial or business life, are forced to huddle in places where they can find work and sell the products of this work, where official institutions are located and trade and monetary transactions are performed. For a rich man, however, there is no need here: he will acquire "eight fine fellows" who will carry his stretcher among the parting crowd, where "he will read, write or sleep and arrive at the place before the pedestrians" (Iuv. 3. 239- 241), but an artisan, a small trader, a client cannot even dream of such a method of transportation. And Rome, already at the end of the republic, and even more distinctly under the empire, would fall into two parts: the Rome of the hills and the Rome of the lowlands lying between these hills. They are unlike one another in many ways. The air in the hills is healthier and cleaner ("colles saluberrimi" - "the hills are very healthy," Cicero will say), there are many gardens and parks, trade is huddled to the side, and the owners here are mansions (domus), who have tidied up the area that needs to be calculated in hectares. Here live people who happen to ascend to the imperial throne, the first dignitaries of the state, representatives of the old aristocratic families, owners of huge fortunes - those who want and can provide themselves with quiet leisure away from the hustle and bustle of trade, from the noisy, noisy and active bustle of the streets laid in lowlands.

Center for State and public life ancient Rome was one of the lowlands - Forum; and just as Rome was simply a "city," so the forum of the republican period was called only a "forum," without any further definition. Streets spread out from him in all directions; and on these streets, which made their way between the hills, and concentrated mainly the commercial and craft life of the city.

Leningrad

CHAPTER. FIRST ROME

He was alone; was just a city.

A. Tvardovsky

Since the Renaissance, Rome has become a great school where artists, poets and scientists came to study. In Rome it was not only good to study ancient history; history here threw off its school and book clothes; she entered today as a living yesterday: in the language of ruins, stones and tombstones, Rome told what the past had achieved, what it stumbled on, and what tasks the ancestors had left to their distant descendants to solve. And the beginning did not at all foreshadow this future glory. On the tops of several hills, huts, woven from branches and smeared with clay, stood in disarray. A pillar in the middle of the hut supported a thatched or thatched roof; the smoke from the hearth went out into the hole above the door, over which a canopy was sometimes fitted. The hearth was portable, and grooves were cut in the stone floor to drain water. The place where these ancient settlers settled was a jumble of ravines, hollows, swampy lowlands and shallow rivulets that flowed down from the hills, located in an amphitheater on the left bank of the Tiber. Strabo, reflecting on what economic advantages of this place contributed to the rise of Rome, emphatically emphasizes that it was chosen not for sober consideration of its benefits, but out of necessity. The good seats were taken, so we had to be content with what remained. It is possible, however, to imagine what attracted the most ancient inhabitants in this area: the hills, albeit low (some - a little higher than 50 m, others - a little lower), sometimes steep and steep, were still a natural fortress, and swampy hollows, which turned sometimes in real swamps, they made this fortress even more reliable. Forests grew all around and keys beat; clean water, building materials, fuel and game were at hand. Nearby there was a large navigable river: it was easy to go up and down; it was possible to start a trade with whomever you need; it was possible, on occasion, to organize a robbery raid.

The importance of Rome is growing and its population is increasing; Rome attracts people from everywhere - it becomes difficult with housing; there are not enough apartments and nowhere to build. The lack of the means of communication that we have makes it impossible for the suburbs to surround our big cities to emerge. Those who earned their bread by their labor, who were associated with state, judicial or business life, are forced to huddle in places where they can find work and sell the products of this work, where official institutions are located and trade and monetary transactions are performed. For a rich man, however, there is no need here: he will acquire "eight fine fellows" who will carry his stretcher among the parting crowd, where "he will read, write or sleep and arrive at the place before the pedestrians" (Iuv. 3. 239- 241), but an artisan, a small trader, a client cannot even dream of such a method of transportation. And Rome, already at the end of the republic, and even more distinctly under the empire, will fall into two parts: the Rome of the hills and the Rome of the lowlands lying between these hills. They are unlike one another in many ways. The air in the hills is healthier and cleaner ("colles saluberrimi" - "the hills are very healthy", - Cicero will say), there are many gardens and parks, trade is huddled to the side, and the owners here are mansions (domus), who have tidied up the area that needs to be calculated in hectares. Here live people who happen to ascend to the imperial throne, the first dignitaries of the state, representatives of the old aristocratic families, owners of huge fortunes - those who want and can provide themselves with quiet leisure away from the hustle and bustle of trade, from the noisy, noisy and active bustle of the streets laid in the lowlands of the Capitol, between the two peaks of which, the Capitol itself (height 46 m) and the Kremlin (Arx, height 49.2 m), there is a depression (Asylum, height 36.5 m, now piazza del Campidoglio);

Quirinal (height 61 m), which is adjacent to Viminal (height 56 m);

Esquiline with its spurs - Cispius (height 54 m) and Oppius (height 53 m);

Celius, splitting into two skyscrapers - Celius proper and “little Celius” (Celiolus);

Aventine - Big (46 m high) and Small (43 m high), separated by a hollow;

Palatine with two peaks - Hermal (height 51 m), where the Farnese Gardens are located, and Palaty (height 51.2 m).

To these hills must be added the Janiculum on the right bank of the Tiber (height 85 m) and to the north of it the Vatican (Vatican Mountains, height 146 m).

Between Palatine and Esquiline lies a high rocky platform - Velia. Between these hills there are hollows, which in ancient times were real swamps: Velabre and the forum Boarium - between the Capitol and the Palatine; Forum - between the Palatine, Capitol and Quirinal, Argilet and Subura - under Quirinal, Viminal and Esquiline; Appian Way - between Celius and Aventine; Circus Maximus (Murcia Valley) - between Palatine and Aventine.

The book by the historian of antiquity M.E.Sergeenko was created on the basis of the lectures given by the author in 1958-1961, was first published in 1964 under the auspices of the USSR Academy of Sciences and immediately became one of the main textbooks for students-historians specializing in history of Rome.

The work is mainly devoted to Everyday life Rome and its inhabitants. ME Sergeenko examines in detail archaeological finds, evidence of ancient authors and other monuments to recreate the customs and worldview of the ancient Roman people.

Purely scientific in terms of the material under consideration, the text of the book, nevertheless, is written intelligibly, without being overloaded with special terminology, since the author sought to acquaint our reader with everyday life, with the everyday life of ancient Rome - after all, without it, it is impossible to properly understand neither Roman literature nor history Rome in general. Therefore, the text is easily and with interest perceived even by an unprepared reader.

The publication is intended for both historians and general readers.

Sergeenko M.E.

LIFE OF ANCIENT ROME

Sergeenko M.E. The life of ancient Rome. -

SPb .: Publishing and trading house "Letniy Sad"; Magazine "Neva", 2000. - 368 p.

Scientific editor, compiler of a short glossary

A. V. Gervais

Decoration

E. B. Gorbatova and S. A. Bulachova

Maria Sergeenko

Ancient Rome life

In memory of dear friends - Sofia Ivanovna Protasova, Sergei Nikolaevich Chernov, Pavel Grigorievich Lyubomirov

This book was created on the basis of the lectures I gave in 1958-1961. classics students of the Faculty of Philology of Leningrad University. The words that the author himself is well aware of the shortcomings of his book are pronounced so often that they have become a stencil and do not mean anything. I would like to be accepted as meaningful and plentiful. And if, nevertheless, I decide to publish this book, then this is explained by the desire, even if incompletely, to acquaint our reader with everyday life, with the everyday life of Ancient Rome. Without this acquaintance, one cannot properly understand either Roman literature or the history of Rome. The books we have on this topic are very outdated.

Leningrad

Chapter one. Rome

He was alone; was just a city.

A. Tvardovsky

Since the Renaissance, Rome has become a great school where artists, poets and scientists came to study. In Rome it was not only good to study ancient history; history here threw off its school and book clothes; she entered today as a living yesterday: in the language of ruins, stones and tombstones, Rome told what the past had achieved, what it stumbled on, and what tasks the ancestors had left to their distant descendants to solve. And the beginning did not at all foreshadow this future glory. On the tops of several hills, huts, woven from branches and smeared with clay, stood in disarray. A pillar in the middle of the hut supported a thatched or thatched roof; the smoke from the hearth went out into the hole above the door, over which a canopy was sometimes fitted. The hearth was portable, and grooves were cut in the stone floor to drain water. The place where these ancient settlers settled was a jumble of ravines, hollows, swampy lowlands and shallow rivulets that flowed down from the hills, located in an amphitheater on the left bank of the Tiber. Strabo, reflecting on what economic advantages of this place contributed to the rise of Rome, emphatically emphasizes that it was chosen not for sober consideration of its benefits, but out of necessity. The good places were taken, so we had to be content with what was left. One can, however, imagine what attracted the most ancient inhabitants in this area: the hills, albeit low (some - a little higher than 50 m, others - a little lower), sometimes steep and steep, were still a natural fortress, and swampy hollows that turned sometimes in real swamps, they made this fortress even more reliable. Forests grew all around and keys beat; clean water, building materials, fuel and game were at hand. Nearby there was a large navigable river: it was easy to go up and down; it was possible to start a trade with whoever you need; it was possible, on occasion, to organize a robbery raid.

In the VII century. BC NS. the population of these villages, who lived completely apart, began to unite, and in the VI century. under the influence and rule of the Etruscans, Rome had already become a real city. He grows; at first the center of an invisible country, it becomes the capital of a powerful state and, in the end, the capital of a world power. And the advantages that attracted the earliest inhabitants to these hills and lowlands now turn out to be disadvantages. The hills are steep and difficult to climb; in spite of all the work of draining the wetlands, which had begun even before the Tarquinians, malaria was not transferred to the city and reaped a bountiful harvest every autumn; the streets are narrow and crooked; “With all their might, the Romans cannot straighten them out,” Diodorus said venomously (XIV. 116.9). These streets, streets and alleys wind through valleys, climb hills; in this intertwining network there is neither system nor order: “the most disorderly city in the world,” says A. Boetsius, a leading expert on ancient urban planning.

The Romans of later times felt some embarrassment from this "planlessness" of their city and explained it by the haste with which it was rebuilt after the terrible Gallic pogrom (390 BC). Cicero angrily contrasted the broad, well-planned streets of Capua with the pitiful streets of Rome (de leg. Agr. II. 35. 96). And these original shortcomings were joined by new ones, gradually created by the historical situation.

Chapter one. Rome. 5

Streets 8
Squares 16
Parks 17
Field of Mars 22
Forums 27
City Government and Police 33
Praetorians 39
Fire Service 42
Bread distribution 47
"Granaries" 49
Markets 51
Water 52

Chapter two. House. 57

Chapter three. Situation. 79

Chapter four. Clothing. 91

Chapter five. Food. 106

Chapter six. Schedule. 121

Chapter seven. Baths. 132

Chapter Eight. Children. 148

Chapter nine. Women. 183

Chapter ten. Funeral rites. 201

Chapter eleven. Gladiators. 215

Chapter twelve. The circus. 231

Chapter thirteen. Clients. 240

Chapter fourteen. Slaves. 246

Chapter fifteen. Vacationers. 267

Notes. 289

Literature. 344

A Concise Dictionary of Latin Authors and Sources. 347

List of abbreviations. 360

PREFACE BY THE AUTHOR TO THE FIRST EDITION

Sergeenko M.E. The life of ancient Rome. - SPb .: Publishing and trading house "Summer Garden"; Magazine "Neva", 2000. - 368 p.

Scientific editor, compiler of the short glossary A.V. Gervais

Design by E. B. Gorbatova and S. A. Bulachova

Extended and supplemented edition. ISBN 5-89740-026-1 (ITD "Summer Garden") ISBN 5-87516-149-3 (Journal "Neva")

In memory of dear friends - Sofia Ivanovna Protasova, Sergei Nikolaevich Chernov, Pavel Grigorievich Lyubomirov

It was just called “the city”, and when the word “urbs” was pronounced, everyone understood that it was about Rome. Foreigners who visited this capital of the world enthusiastically told their fellow countrymen about magnificent buildings that amazed with their deliberate boldness of design and incomparable luxury of decoration, about stately forums, about triumphal arches, which calmly and irrefutably narrated about the victories and conquests of Rome. An echo of this enthusiastic amazement is heard in the epithets accompanying his name: "golden", "eternal". In a strange way, the last of them retained its strength. Rome was taken and plundered by the barbarians; its streets were overgrown with grass, cows grazed on its forums; temples and palaces turned into ruins, but in the agonizing roar of medieval military fuss, amid the stupid fragmentation of the feudal world, people's eyes invariably turned to this former focus of earthly power. The distance of centuries hid the dark and terrible sides of ancient Rome: it seemed to be a symbol of state power that ensured peace and prosperity for its subjects; for people who only the day before learned what the alphabet was, it was the abode from which the light of enlightenment and reason flowed.

Since the Renaissance, Rome has become a great school where artists, poets and scientists came to study. In Rome it was not only good to study ancient history; history here threw off its school and book clothes; she entered today as a living yesterday: in the language of ruins, stones and tombstones, Rome told what the past had achieved, what it stumbled on, and what tasks the ancestors had left to their distant descendants to solve. [с.6] And the beginning did not at all foreshadow this future glory. On the tops of several hills, huts, woven from branches and smeared with clay, stood in disarray. A pillar in the middle of the hut supported a thatched or thatched roof; the smoke from the hearth went out into the hole above the door, over which a canopy was sometimes fitted. The hearth was portable, and grooves were cut in the stone floor to drain water. The place where these ancient settlers settled was a jumble of ravines, hollows, swampy lowlands and shallow rivulets that flowed down from the hills, located in an amphitheater on the left bank of the Tiber. Strabo, reflecting on what economic advantages of this place contributed to the rise of Rome, emphatically emphasizes that it was chosen not for sober consideration of its benefits, but out of necessity1. The good places were taken, so we had to be content with what was left. One can, however, imagine what attracted the most ancient inhabitants in this area: the hills, albeit low (some - a little higher than 50 m, others - a little lower) 2, sometimes steep and steep, were still a natural fortress, and swampy hollows, sometimes turning into real swamps, made this fortress even more reliable. Forests grew all around and keys beat; clean water, building materials, fuel and game were at hand. Nearby there was a large navigable river: it was easy to go up and down; it was possible to start a trade with whoever you need; it was possible, on occasion, to organize a robbery raid.

In the VII century. BC. the population of these villages, who lived completely apart, began to unite, and in the VI century. under the influence and rule of the Etruscans, Rome had already become a real city. He grows; at first the center of an invisible country, it becomes the capital of a powerful state and, in the end, the capital of a world power. And the advantages that attracted the earliest inhabitants to these hills and lowlands now turn out to be disadvantages. The hills are steep and difficult to climb; in spite of all the work of draining the wetlands, which had begun even before the Tarquinians, malaria was not transferred to the city and reaped a bountiful harvest every autumn; the streets are narrow and crooked; "With all their might, the Romans cannot straighten them out," Diodorus said venomously (XIV. 116.9). These streets, streets and lanes wind through the valleys, [p.7] climb the hills; in this intertwining network there is neither system nor order: "the most disorderly city in the world," says A. Boetsius, the greatest connoisseur of ancient urban planning.

Later Romans felt some embarrassment from this "planlessness" of their city and attributed it to the haste with which it was rebuilt after the terrible Gallic pogrom (390 BC) 3. Cicero angrily contrasted the broad, well-planned streets of Capua with the pitiful streets of Rome (de leg. Agr. II. 35. 96). And these original shortcomings were joined by new ones, gradually created by the historical situation.

The importance of Rome is growing and its population is increasing; Rome attracts people from everywhere - it becomes difficult with housing; there are not enough apartments and nowhere to build. The lack of the means of communication that we have makes it impossible for the suburbs to surround our big cities to emerge. Those who earned their bread by their labor, who were associated with state, judicial or business life, are forced to huddle in places where they can find work and sell the products of this work, where official institutions are located and trade and monetary transactions are performed. For a rich man, however, there is no need here: he will acquire "eight fine fellows" who will carry his stretcher among the parting crowd, where "he will read, write or sleep and arrive at the place before the pedestrians" (Iuv. 3. 239- 241), but an artisan, a small trader, a client cannot even dream of such a method of transportation. And Rome, already at the end of the republic, and even more distinctly under the empire, will fall into two parts: the Rome of the hills and the Rome of the lowlands lying between these hills. They are unlike one another in many ways. The air in the hills is healthier and cleaner ("colles saluberrimi" - "the hills are very healthy", - Cicero will say), there are many gardens and parks, trade is huddled to the side, and the owners here are mansions (domus), who have tidied up the area that needs to be calculated in hectares. Here live people who happen to ascend to the imperial throne, the first dignitaries of the state, representatives of the old aristocratic families, owners of huge fortunes - those who want and can provide themselves with quiet leisure away from the hustle and bustle of trade, from the noisy, noisy and active bustle of the streets laid in lowlands 4.

Streets

The center of state and public life of ancient Rome was one of the lowlands - the Forum; and just as Rome was simply a "city," so the forum of the republican time was called only a "forum," without any further definition. Streets spread out from him in all directions; and on these streets, which made their way between the hills, and concentrated mainly the commercial and craft life of the city.

The Forum itself was already in the 4th century. BC. was bordered by trade rows: on its southern side were the Old shops (tabernae veteres), opposite the New ones (tabernae novae). This was the school that Virginia attended; and from the butcher, who was selling right there, her father snatched out a knife, with which he stabbed his daughter, saving her from dishonor. When the basilicas (Porcieva and Emiliev) took the place of trading rows on the sides of the Forum, the shops were located in them. And only gradually did the trading life leave the Forum, moving to the Sacred Road, a neighboring street, and later to Trajan's Forum.

The Sacred Road, connecting the Forum with the Palatine, began on Velia near the temple of Lares (here it was called the Upper Sacred Road - Summa Sacra Via) and descended to the eastern side of the Forum. At the beginning of the empire, shops flanked it completely, but after the Forum of Peace and the Temple of Faustina were built, 5 they moved south, clustered between the Arch of Titus and the house where the vestals (atrium Vestae) lived 6. Trade in gold items and precious stones is concentrated here, but top end the streets were chosen by florists and fruit growers. Ovid recommended it was here to buy the "village gifts" of his beloved (am. 1.18.100; aa II. 265-266), and Varro already wrote that such fruits are sold here that one must pay for them in gold (rr I. 2. 10) 7.

Maria sergeenko life of ancient rome. Sergeenko M. Life of Ancient Rome

Chapter one. Rome. 5

Streets 8 Squares 16 Parks 17 Field of Mars 22 Forums 27 City Government and Police 33 Praetorians 39 Fire Service 42 Bread distribution 47 "Granaries" 49 Markets 51 Water 52

Chapter two. House. 57

Chapter three. Situation. 79

Chapter four. Clothing. 91

Chapter five. Food. 106

Chapter six. Schedule. 121

Chapter seven. Baths. 132

Chapter Eight. Children. 148

Chapter nine. Women. 183

Chapter ten. Funeral rites. 201

Chapter eleven. Gladiators. 215

Chapter twelve. The circus. 231

Chapter thirteen. Clients. 240

Chapter fourteen. Slaves. 246

Chapter fifteen. Vacationers. 267

Notes. 289

Literature. 344

A Concise Dictionary of Latin Authors and Sources. 347

List of abbreviations. 360

PREFACE BY THE AUTHOR TO THE FIRST EDITION

Streets

Streets 8
Squares 16
Parks 17
Field of Mars 22
Forums 27
City Government and Police 33
Praetorians 39
Fire Service 42
Bread distribution 47
"Granaries" 49
Markets 51
Water 52