Meaning of the Minusinsk Basin in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, bse. Minusinsk Basin - repository of Siberian history

At the beginning of the XX century. The Minusinsk Basin was often called “Siberian Italy”.

Minusinskaya depression, view to the south from Sedlovataya mountain (towards Shushenskoye).

The Minusinsk Basin (Khakass-Minusinsk Basin) is a large ancient intermontane trough bounded from the east by the Eastern Sayan, from the west by the Kuznetsk Alatau, from the south by the Western Sayan, and from the north by the low Arga ridge. The height above sea level is 200-700 m. average temperature in January from -16 to -20.5 ° С, in June from +18.2 to +19.6 ° С. In winter there are frosts down to –52 ° С, and in summer the temperature sometimes rises to +45 ° С. In terms of the number of sunny days per year, the Minusinsk Basin surpasses the Crimea.

The appearance of the basin dates back to the Devonian period (410-360 million years ago). It was then that a steady long-term submersion of the surface began here. At the same time, the crushing of the folded rocky foundation into separate blocks occurred, which led to the separation of individual sections of the basin, which has generally survived to the present day. By the spurs of the ridges between which it is located, the territory of the basin is divided into four independent depressions: Nazarovskaya, Chulymo-Yeniseiskaya, Sydo-Erbinskaya and Yuzhno-Minusinskaya.

The ancient rocks composing the Minusinsk Basin - sandstones, shales, limestones, siltstones, granites, gneisses, porphyrites - were repeatedly exposed to the action of tectonic forces and formed either folded or block mountains. Under the influence of external forces - wind, water, temperature fluctuations - the mountains collapsed, while the denser rocks collapsed more slowly. This is how a variety of relief forms characteristic of the Minusinsk Basin arose - wide plains, hills, ridges, small hills and low mountains. Nowadays, low mountains rise above the surrounding area, built of layered Devonian sandstone of red or red-brown color - a very characteristic feature of the Khakass landscapes.

The rivers Yenisei, Abakan, Oya, Tuba flow through the territory of the basin. There are many fresh and salt lakes (Tagarskoe, Salt, etc.). The largest settlements within the basin are the cities of Minusinsk (Krasnoyarsk Territory), Abakan and Chernogorsk (Republic of Khakassia).

The Minusinsk Basin is considered the breadbasket of Central Siberia. Before the revolution, the Minusinsk Basin was often called “Siberian Italy”. In 1829, the Decembrist S.G. Krasnokutsky, living in exile in Minusinsk, was the first to start growing cherries. Warm climate and abundance sunlight allow not only to successfully cultivate grain crops in the Minusinsk Basin, but also to engage in gardening and melon growing.

The land of the Minusinsk Basin is very interesting for historians. It is famous for the wealth of traces of human existence from various eras - from the Paleolithic to the Middle Ages. Here, traces of the presence of cultures of various tribes were found: Afanasyevskaya, Okunevskaya, Andronovskaya, Karasukskaya, Tagarskaya, Tashtykskaya. These cultures have existed here since the 3rd millennium BC. NS. until the first half of the 1st millennium AD NS. For almost three hundred years, scientists have been exploring burial grounds and remains of dwellings, mines, irrigation canals, ruins of fortresses, rock paintings and stone sculptures.

Educational - research work

Theme:

"Factors Shaping the Climate of the Minusinsk Basin and the City of Minusinsk"

Completed: Ivanenko Dmitry

Supervisor: Andreeva

Svetlana Ivanovna,

geography teacher

Minusinsk 2012

Introduction.

This work is a study of the factors that shape the climate of the city of Minusinsk and the Minusinsk Basin. It considers the factors influencing the climatic and weather conditions in the city of Minusinsk and the Minusinsk depression, as well as presents the results of processing the information received in the meteorological service of the city of Minusinsk

The purpose of this work: determination of the influence of factors on the climate of the Minusinsk Basin and the city of Minusinsk.

1. Study of factors (geographical location, relief) influencing the climate of the Minusinsk Basin and the city of Minusinsk on the basis of theoretical data from scientific literature and the Internet.

2. Definition weather conditions Minusinsk Basin based on data from a local meteorological station.

3. Drawing up diagrams, wind roses based on the data of maximum and minimum temperatures, precipitation, winds in a given area.

Hypothesis:

· Influence on the climate of the Minusinsk Basin is geographical position territory and relief.

Objectives of this work:

1. Study the climate of the Minusinsk Basin;

2. To determine the factors influencing the formation of the climate of the Minusinsk Basin. Methods for solving problems. Theoretical justification climatic conditions Khakassko-Minusinsk depression and the city of Minusinsk based on data obtained from the Internet and scientific literature;

· Collection and analysis of data on weather conditions of the Minusinsk Basin and the city of Minusinsk in the meteorological service of the city of Minusinsk;

· Subsequent processing of data on the weather conditions of the Minusinsk Basin for the last ten years: plotting diagrams of average annual, maximum and minimum temperatures, wind roses;

· Leaving a conclusion on the basis of theoretical data and data from the meteorological service of the city of Minusinsk.

The Khakass-Minusinsk depression is located between the mountain systems of Southern Siberia: the Kuznetsk Alatau in the north, the Eastern and Western Sayan mountains in the south.

The relief has a great influence on the climate. .

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Khakassko-Minusinskaya depression is located in the south of Eastern Siberia at an altitude of 250 m above sea level. Many thousands of kilometers separate it from the shores of the Atlantic Ocean, as well as from other oceans. This is an intermontane trough. The city of Minusinsk and the Minusinsk region are located in the middle part of the Khakassko-Minusinsk depression. All natural features of the Minusinsk region are formed under the influence of the surrounding mountains. The mountainous framing of the basin affects the distribution of heat and moisture in the Minusinsk region and in the city of Minusinsk. The basin has a hilly surface. From the east it is bounded by the Eastern Sayan, from the west by the Kuznetsk Alatau, and from the south by the Western Sayan. In the north, the basin is closed by the Arga ridge. South-westerly winds prevail in the basin (almost a third of all cases), entering the basin in the interval between the Western Sayan and the Abakan ridge. Winds from the relatively low mountains of the Abakan ridge (west) and Botenevsky ridge (north) are also frequent. The northwestern winds are hampered by the higher, although oriented along the winds of the Kuznetsk Alatau, their frequency is less. And the winds of the entire eastern half of the horizon are reliably screened by the high Western and Eastern Sayans. Since the mountains on different sides of the basin are not the same, this affects the frequency of winds.

In the conditions of anticyclonic weather, cold air, flowing into the basin, stagnates, cools down, and the temperature reaches -40-50 degrees. In winter, in the basins of Siberia, there is an "inverted temperature" - inversion, that is, an increase in temperature with height. Lulls are frequent in the basin, the surrounding mountains interfere with the winds. This explains not only low winter temperatures (cold air stagnates in the basin), but also high summer temperatures. This is the so-called basin effect..

The natural zone in the Khakass-Minusinsk depression is steppe and forest-steppe. Why the steppe, after all, there is taiga around? Very little moisture from the ocean gets into the basin; there is a barrier to humid air - ridges, since

the Khakass-Minusinsk Basin is located in the center of the mainland far from the oceans.

There is little snow in the Khakass-Minusinsk depression. The villagers carry out snow retention and snow accumulation so that in the spring there is moisture in the soil.

The climate is sharply continental, moderately arid, it is formed under the influence of large land masses on the atmosphere. Continental temperate air masses dominate throughout the year. The continental climate is characterized by large annual and daily amplitude of air temperature fluctuations, the sharpness of the seasons.

1. Average annual temperatures of Minusinsk

According to the data obtained in the meteorological service of the city of Minusinsk, a graph of the average annual temperatures recorded in the city of Minusinsk from 2000 to 2008 was built.The average annual temperature does not exceed 4.1 °

https://pandia.ru/text/78/068/images/image007_47.gif "align =" left "width =" 636 "height =" 288 src = "> According to the data obtained in the meteorological service of the city of Minusinsk, a graph was drawn the maximum temperatures recorded in the city of Minusinsk from 2000 to 2008

3.Absolutely minimum temperatures in Minusinsk

Agriculture "href =" / text / category / selmzskoe_hozyajstvo / "rel =" bookmark "> Agriculture, but in some years the area suffers from a lack of moisture.

4. Settlements in mm. Minusinsk from 2000 to 2008 G.

According to the data obtained in the meteorological service of the city of Minusinsk, a graph of precipitation recorded in the city of Minusinsk from 2000 to 2008 was built. G.

Humidity "href =" / text / category / vlazhnostmz / "rel =" bookmark "> air humidity in the area of Minusinsk" 70% (the highest in December - 78%, and the lowest in May - 56%). there are 22 foggy days per year (the largest number of foggy days is 41) .The average duration of fog per day is 3.8 hours, and the maximum is 16 hours (in January)

Seasons

Winter

The severity of the climate of the Minusinsk region is characterized, first of all, by a very low temperatures long winter. For a long time, the temperature is kept below -20 0 C. Stable frosts begin approximately from November 19 and continue until approximately March 14. Winter with little snow, while the snow is blown into low places. Maximum thickness of snow cover 559mm, minimum 525mm.

The maximum height of the snow cover during the winter is 30 mm, the minimum is 10 mm. The average January temperature is -20.8 о С, and on some days there are frosts of -52 о С (1931) In January, February, snowstorms are frequent. Sometimes the number of days with a snowstorm reaches 24, and on average there are 5 snowstorms per year.

Spring

The sun is ever higher above the horizon. Spring is coming. Spring is early in the Minusinsk region. Its beginning is marked by the establishment of positive daytime temperatures. In some years, already in March, the thermometer in daytime shows positive temperatures, but mostly - only in April. In our area, winters have little snow and therefore snow melts early and the dark earth's surface absorbs well solar radiation... Somewhere in mid-March, the snow melts (and appears in early-mid November). In the spring there are dust storms that cause big damage agriculture. The average number of days with a dust storm is 8. Most often occurs in May. From 1999 to 2003, the Minusinsk weather station recorded 11 dust storms, five of which occurred in the month of May. The largest number swept through in 2002.

Summer

As mentioned, relatively hot. The average July temperature ranges from 13 0 C to 33 0 C. On some days, the temperature can rise to 39 0 C. In early summer, there are short-term night frosts ... the latest frost date is June 18, and the earliest is May 4. August is considered a summer month, but sometimes there are typical autumn days. Although the sun shines brightly during the day, temperatures can drop to minus marks at night. The beginning of autumn frosts: the most early date August 17, latest October 5. The frost-free period lasts 109 days (from May 24 to September 11).

Autumn

Autumn pleases the residents of Minusinsk district not only with watermelons, apples, tomatoes ..., but also gives people an “Indian summer”. Sometimes buds of plants (currants) begin to swell, like in summer, some herbs begin to bloom. But heat returns are deceiving and have a detrimental effect on the harvest. next year... In autumn, as well as in spring, dust storms and strong winds are frequent.

There are dangerous weather phenomena in the Minusinsk region - dry winds, ice, hurricanes, hail. Sometimes in the region there are destructive force continuous winds at a speed of over 30 meters per second. They lift large masses of soil particles into the atmosphere, forming dust storms. The average number of days with a dust storm is 8. Most often they occur in May. Sometimes, when forecasting the weather, they warn that the roads are icy. On average 0.2 days are covered with ice per year. These days, a layer of dense ice forms on the surface of the earth, on tree branches, on wires. Ice formed on the earth's surface after a thaw contributes to icing.

Minusinsk region has favorable agro-climatic conditions .

The most important indicators of agroclimatic resources are the duration of the period with an average daily temperature above + 10 ° C, the sum of temperatures for this period, the moisture coefficient, the thickness and duration of the snow cover. The development of agriculture is favored by climatic and soil conditions. Minusinsk region is a territory of an ancient agricultural culture. Farming with the use of artificial irrigation has a very long history. Nowadays a variety of grains are cultivated here (wheat prevails), legumes, melons, watermelons ripen, orchards and berry fields bloom and bear fruit. Minusinsky District is a hotbed of gardening in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. This is facilitated by the duration of the frost-free period - 109 days, the moisture coefficient - 1.01, the thickness of the snow cover - 525.

Minusinsky district receives solar heat no less than the southern regions of Ukraine; in terms of the number of sunny days per year, it is equated to the Crimea. Therefore, the agro-climatic resources of the Minusinsk region create opportunities for the diversified development of agriculture.

This is the territory of an ancient agricultural culture. Farming with the use of artificial irrigation has a very long history. Now a variety of cereals (wheat prevails), legumes are cultivated here, melons, watermelons ripen, orchards and berry fields bloom and bear fruit. This is facilitated by a long frost-free period and sufficient moisture.

Conclusion.

Based on theoretical data on the conditions affecting the climate of the Minusinsk Basin and the city of Minusinsk and the analysis of data provided by the meteorological service, it is possible in the conclusion to confirm the hypothesis:

The climate of the Minusinsk Basin is influenced by the geographical position of the territory and the relief.

Bibliographic list

1. Bandman of socio-economic problems of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Krasnoyarsk, 2005.

4. Regions of Russia: Inform.-stat. Sat. In 2 volumes. Goskomstat of Russia. - M., 1997.

5. Russia in numbers: Krat. stat. Sat. / Goskomstat of Russia - M.: 1998.

MINUSINSKAYA KOTLOVINA

hollow, Khakass-Minusinskaya, the southern part of the vast intermountain Minusinsk depression in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. It is bounded in the south by the Western Sayan, in the west by the Abakan ridge, in the north by the spurs of the Kuznetsk Alatau, and in the east by the spurs of the Eastern Sayan. The relief is predominantly rolling-flat, dissected by valleys. The height is from 200-300 to 700 m.The base of the plain and individual low-mountain massifs are composed of shales, sandstones, conglomerates, marls, limestones, as well as tuffs, porphyrites and syenites of Paleozoic age, which are overlain by loam, loess and sandy loam in lower areas. The climate is sharply continental, arid in places. The average temperature in January is from - 16 to - 20.5 ° C, in June from 18.2 to 19.6 ° C. In winter there are frosts down to -52 ° C, and in summer the temperature sometimes rises to 45 ° C. The growing season lasts about 150-160 days. In the central part of the basin, 240-270 mm falls. on the periphery up to 450-500 mm of precipitation (almost 2/3 of them falls on the summer). The main rivers are the Yenisei and its tributaries - Abakan, Oya, Tuba. There are many fresh and salty lakes (Tagarskoe, Salt, etc.). Soils and vegetation vary from center to periphery. In the central part of the Moscow region, in the lowest areas, on chestnut soils and southern chernozems, there are stony steppes, four-grass steppes, large wormwood-spataceous, spaty-oat steppes (Abakanskaya, Koibalskaya, Uybatskaya, etc.). On the periphery of the basin, on ordinary and leached chernozems, as well as on gray forest soils, forb-meadow steppes alternate with copses of birch, Siberian larch, sometimes pine and aspen. M. k. - one of the most important agricultural. regions of the mountains of Southern Siberia. Soils suitable for agriculture are plowed up. Horticulture and melon growing are also developed. Meat and dairy cattle breeding, horse breeding. There are deposits of minerals (iron ore, coal, etc.). Within the limits of Moscow to. From the beginning of the 1970s. a large Sayan territorial-production complex (mechanical engineering, hydropower, chemistry) is being formed.

Lit .: Mikhailov N.I., Mountains of South Siberia, M., 1961; Krasnoyarsk region. Natural and economic-geographical zoning, Krasnoyarsk, 1962; Central Siberia, M., 1964; Kolyago S.A., Right bank of the Minusinsk depression, L., 1967.

M.V. Kirillov.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB. 2012

See also the interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what the MINUSINSKAYA KOTLOVINA is in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

MINUSINSKAYA KOTLOVINA
(Khakass-Minusinskaya) in the South mountains. Siberia, between Kuznetsk Alatau, Zap. Sayan and Vost. Sayan. The relief is mostly slightly hilly. Height from 200-300 to ...
MINUSINSKAYA KOTLOVINA
(Khakass-Minusinskaya), in the mountains Yuzh. Siberia, between Kuznetsk Alatau, Zap. Sayan and Vost. Sayan. The relief is mostly slightly hilly. Height from 200-300 ...
KOTLOVINA in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
KOTLOVINA
negative (hollow) relief of the earth's surface, more or less isometric or slightly elongated outlines. Can be closed on all sides ...
KOTLOVINA in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
, -y, f. Depression, deep depression on the earth's surface or at the bottom of the ocean, sea. Oceanic, volcanic, glacial grade II adj. ...
MINUSINSKAYA
MINUSINSKAYA KOTLOVINA (Khakass-Minusinskaya), in the mountains of the South. Siberia, between Kuznetsk Alatau, Zap. Sayan and Vost. Sayan. Relief preim. slightly hilly. H. from ...
KOTLOVINA in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
KOTLOVINA LARGE LAKES, in the west of Mongolia (northern extremity in Russia, in Tuva). St. 100 t. Km 2. H. 750-2000 ...
KOTLOVINA in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
KOTLOVINA, depressions within the land, the bottom of the oceans or seas, mainly. rounded outlines. Among terrestrial K. are distinguished tectonic, volcanic, erosional, glacial, ...
KOTLOVINA in the Complete Accentuated Paradigm by Zaliznyak:
pits "on, pits" are, pits "us, pits" n, pots "do not, pits" us, pits "well, pits" us, pits "noah, pots" noy, pits "by us, pits" no, ...
KOTLOVINA in the Dictionary for solving and compiling scanwords:
Hollow in ...
KOTLOVINA in the Thesaurus of Russian Business Vocabulary:
KOTLOVINA in the Thesaurus of the Russian language:
Syn: depression Ant: elevation, hill, ...
KOTLOVINA in Abramov's Dictionary of Synonyms:
cm. …
KOTLOVINA in the dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian language:
depression, valley, caldera, tract, ...
KOTLOVINA in the New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language by Efremova:
KOTLOVINA in the Dictionary of the Russian language Lopatin:
cauldrons, ...
KOTLOVINA in the Complete Russian Spelling Dictionary:
hollow, ...
KOTLOVINA in the Spelling Dictionary:
cauldrons, ...
KOTLOVINA in the Ozhegov Russian Language Dictionary:
depression, depression on the earth's surface or at the bottom of the ocean, sea Oceanic ...
KOTLOVINA in Dahl's Dictionary:
kotluban, kotlyana, etc. see boiler ...
KOTLOVINA in the Modern Explanatory Dictionary, TSB:
lowering within the land, the bottom of the oceans or seas, mostly rounded outlines. Among terrestrial basins, tectonic, volcanic, erosional, glacial, eolian, ...
KOTLOVINA in the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by Ushakov:
hollows, f. A large depression, a depression in the terrain with a sloping descent from all sides. || Volcano crater ...
KOTLOVINA in the Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova:
basin A large depression with a sloping descent, a depression in the earth ...
KOTLOVINA in the New Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
f. A large depression with a sloping descent, a depression in the earth ...
KOTLOVINA in the Big Modern Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
f. A large depression with a gentle slope; depression in the earth ...
CANADIAN KOTLOVINA in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(Beaufort Basin) an underwater basin in the western part of the North. Arctic approx. In the south, it is closed by the continental slope of the North. America, in the north - ...
SOUTH AUSTRALIAN KOTLOVINA in big Soviet encyclopedia, TSB:
basin, underwater basin in the southeastern part Indian Ocean... On the north and north-east. limited by the continental slope of Australia, in the east - by the underwater ...
MINUSINSKAYA HORSE in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
horse, steppe horse of a non-specialized type, has long been bred in the Minusinsk Basin (on the territory of the Khakass Autonomous Region). From other steppe horse breeds ...
MINUSINSKAYA FOREST STEPPE in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
forest-steppe, forest-steppe in the right bank of the Yenisei, in the east of the Minusinsk depression, in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. It extends from the northern slope of the Western Sayan to the south ...
ISSYK-KUL KOTLOVINA in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
hollow, mountain hollow in the Tien Shan, in the Kirghiz SSR. It is framed in the north by the Kungey-Alatau ridge (up to 4771 m), in the south ...
ESSEAN KOTLOVINA in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
depression, Esseisko-Muruktinskaya depression, a vast depression in the north of the Central Siberian Plateau in the Evenk National District of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Length 200 km. Height …
46-AVT in the Directory of Routes of buses, trolleybuses and trams of Moscow:
Minibuses Metro Babushkinskaya - Mr. Light(Malygin street) st. Menzhinsky, Izumrudnaya st., Minusinskaya st., Norilskaya st. City route Commercial ...
KRASNOYARSK DIOCHY in the Orthodox Encyclopedia Tree:
Open Orthodox encyclopedia "DREVO". Krasnoyarsk and Yenisei Russian Diocese Orthodox Church... Diocesan Administration: Russia, 660049, Krasnoyarsk Territory, ...
WONDERFUL COPIES in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
mines (from chud), the collective name of the most ancient ore workings, traces of which were found on the territory of the USSR (Minusinsk Basin, Western Siberia, ...
TUVIN AUTONOMOUS SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Tuva Avtonomnung Soviet Socialist Republic), Tuva (Tyva). As part of the RSFSR. On October 13, 1944, the Tuva Autonomous District was formed; ...
Teshenit in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
[from him. Teschen - Teshen, the name of the city located now on the border of Czechoslovakia (Tesin - Teshin) and Poland (Cieszyn - Cieshin)], ...
THE USSR. SUSHI RELIEF in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
sushi Orography. According to the prevailing nature of the relief, the land surface of the USSR is subdivided into a large area (66%), relatively low, open to the north ...
THE USSR. GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
structure The largest elements of the structure of the earth's crust on the territory of the USSR: the East European and Siberian platforms and the folded geosynclinal belts separating them - ...
SIBERIA in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
the territory that occupies most of North Asia from the Urals in the west to the mountain ranges of the Pacific watershed in the east and from the shores ...
IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
agriculture, cultivation of agricultural crops under irrigation conditions. One of the most intensive types of agriculture that has developed in desert, semi-desert and arid zones, ...
HORSES in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
(Equus), genus of equids. Large (body length up to 2.5 m, height at the withers up to 1.6 m ...

Sayan in the south. Height above sea level is 200-700 m. Plowed steppe, coal deposit.

The formation of the basin dates back to the Devonian (410-360 Ma ago), the fourth of six periods into which it is customary to divide by the Paleozoic. It was then that a steady long-term submersion of the surface began here. At the same time, the crushing of the folded rocky foundation into separate blocks occurred, which led to the separation of individual sections of the basin, which has generally survived to the present day. Now it is divided by minor ridges into four independent depressions, from north to south:

Nazarovskaya depression (outside of Khakassia)
Chulym-Yeniseiskaya or Severo-Minusinskaya - between Solgonsky and Batenevsky ridges
Sydo-Erbinskaya or Sredne-Minusinskaya - between the Batenevsky ridge and the spurs of the Eastern Sayan
Yuzhno-Minusinskaya - up to the northern slope of the Western Sayan.

The formation of the trough was accompanied by active volcanic activity. In shallow lagoons and lakes, due to the products of destruction of rocks that were carried here from the surrounding slopes, thick strata of red-colored sediments accumulated. The modern relief of the depressions was formed. Now it has a hilly-flat character. Low mountains rise above the surrounding area, built of layered Devonian sandstone of red or red-brown color - a very characteristic feature of the Khakass landscapes.

Climate

Before the revolution, the Khakass-Minusinsk depression was often called “ Siberian Italy". In the city of the Decembrist S.G. Krasnokutsky, living in exile in Minusinsk, was the first to start growing cherries. This was the beginning of Siberian horticulture. The climate of Minusinsk allows growing other fruit and berry crops.

Located in the south of Eastern Siberia. This is an intermontane trough. From the east it is bounded by the Eastern Sayan, from the west by the Kuznetsk Alatau, and from the south by the Western Sayan. In the north, the basin is closed by the Arga ridge. The relief in the basin is not flat, but with hills, hills and low mountains. Most of the basin has a thick layer of loess. On the loess, very fertile soil- chernozems. The natural zone in the Khakass-Minusinsk depression is steppe and forest-steppe. Why the steppe, after all, there is taiga around? Very little moisture gets into the basin from the ocean, there is a barrier to humid air - ridges, and the Khakass-Minusinsk basin is located in the center of the continent, far from the oceans. In winter, in the basins of Siberia, there is an "inverted temperature" - inversion, that is, an increase in temperature with height. In the conditions of anticyclonic weather, cold air, flowing into the basin, stagnates, cools down, and the temperature reaches -40-50 degrees. There is little snow in the Khakass-Minusinsk depression. The villagers carry out snow retention and snow accumulation so that in the spring there is moisture in the soil. Summers in the basin are very warm and even hot and dry. Even gardens and melons and gourds grow here. Siberian Italy is the name for the basin for a warm summer. And it is not surprising, because the latitude of the Khakass-Minusinsk depression is the same as in the Middle Volga region.

Influence on the climate, since the 1960s, of the Krasnoyarsk reservoir

The construction of the Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power station led to the creation of a huge reservoir stretching for 400 km from Krasnoyarsk to Abakan. This artificial reservoir is called the Krasnoyarsk reservoir, and the people call it "the sea" because of its impressive size. Now it is obvious that the reservoir was created without taking into account the consequences of the creation of such a huge water basin. With the rise of water in the Yenisei after the construction of the dam, huge territories were flooded. Fertile fields, spacious pastures, islands rich in commercial resources - everything turned out to be under water. In addition, such large villages as Medvedevo, Novosyolovo, Ubei and others have disappeared. A lot of people were forced to move to new settlements, built in places that were inconvenient, as for selection. Many residents of the flooded villages left the region altogether. This is how the construction of the Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power station affected the nature, economy and population of the region. The average depth is 50-60 meters, the maximum depths reach 70-75 meters. The absolute height of the water surface is minimum 224 meters, maximum 243 meters (within such limits, the water level in the reservoir may fluctuate). The shores are mostly gentle and steep, in places - rocky, composed of sandstones and limestones. There are many and rather shallow areas where it is more convenient to disembark, in such places there are docks, for example, the “Ulazy” pier, through which the right bank is connected to the left ferry crossing. The ferry is the only means of transport between the left and right banks of the reservoir in the warm season. The line of the right bank is indented more strongly than the coastline of the left bank. The right bank is replete with many small bays, and relatively large bays - Anash, Koma, Ubei, which are flooded estuaries of rivers that once flowed into the Yenisei, and now into a reservoir, can be distinguished. The largest bay on the left bank is Izhul. The bottom of the reservoir is composed of pebbles, partially covered with silty sediments. A huge amount of water in the reservoir over the summer accumulates a large supply of heat and, with the onset of cold weather, cools slowly and freezes much later than other reservoirs. Ice on the "sea" is usually set in the second half of December after several very frosty days, and a week later, car traffic is already opening on the natural bridge. By the middle of winter, ice thickness can reach, depending on air temperatures, one meter or more. The reservoir is freed from ice in late April - early May. The reservoir is fed by precipitation, groundwater and rivers. The reservoir basin corresponds to the Yenisei basin within the region.

Influence on the climate, since the 1970s, of the Sayano-Shushensky reservoir

This reservoir was formed as a result of the construction Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP.

The reservoir design is an integral part of the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP project. Separate components of the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP project also included sections of the downstream and environmental protection; measures were envisaged and implemented to mitigate, to varying degrees, the impact of the reservoir on environment: sanitary preparation of the bed with the elimination of possible sources of pollution of the reservoir, hazardous to public health; partial forest cleaning. By order of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 16, 2006, the Sayano-Shushenskoye reservoir was included in the list of 70 water bodies that are strategic sources drinking water, which will be in the exclusive federal property. The use of their water resources is carried out to provide drinking and domestic water supply to large areas of one or several constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Reservoir of the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP with seasonal regulation. At the design elevation with a normal head-up level (NPU), the reservoir extends to 312 km from the dam, of which 77 km - within the Tyva Republic, including 52 km in the Tuva depression, then 235 km - across the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and along the border between the Krasnoyarsk region and the Republic of Khakassia in the Sayan Gorge. 11 regularly occurring rare bird species included in the Red Book of Russia were recorded at the Sayan reservoir. For the golden eagle, saker falcon, peregrine falcon, osprey, a stable number is provided by the reserve regime. Wherein optimal conditions for the golden eagle of the Western Sayan, they are preserved precisely in the protected part of the reservoir and its tributaries. Additional protection measures, similar to those for the osprey, must be taken for the black stork, which nested earlier on the sections of the Yenisei River flooded by the reservoir in Tuva, its tributaries Bolshaya Pashkina and Joy. In these places, the stork continues to be found now, but nesting has not been confirmed.

Flood zone:

42% of the water surface of the reservoir is located on the territory of the Republic of Tuva. The overwhelming part of it falls on the flat part of the Tuva basin - two kozhuuns of the republics of Ulug-Khemsky and Chaa-Kholsky. During the flooding, the city of Shagonar (Old Shagonar) and the village of Chaa-Khol were under water. In addition, completely unexplored archaeological sites are an ancient settlement of the Turks and their burial places. Before the flooding, not all necessary work for the preparation of the territory. So at the bottom of today's reservoir lie millions of cubic meters of forests that covered the Sayan canyon. Actual rejection of the study of unique archaeological sites. The settlements with all communications and cemeteries were actually simply abandoned and flooded (new ones were built instead), which led to the spread of various infections along the river basin. Tens of thousands of hectares of farmland have gone under water. Today, the water area of the reservoir on the territory of the Republic of Tuva is still a dead zone. The fish living here is of little use for food in view of the danger of infection, including typhoid fever. The vast area of land in the Tuva depression adjacent to the reservoir is swampy, saline and epidemiologically unsafe. In this regard, all newly created settlements are located at a distance of 1.5-3 km from the coast (in fact, the exclusion zone). The giant water mirror on the territory of the republic significantly affects the dry microclimate of the Republic of Tuva.

The parameters of the reservoir at the NPU are characterized by the following indicators:

Within the Sayan canyon, the width is 0.5-3 km, the depth is 30-220 m;

In the Tuva depression (where the reservoir has a lake-like character), the width is 6-9 km, the depth is from 8-10 to 30 m.

The reservoir surface area is 621 km².

The total volume of the reservoir is 31.34 km³,

Useful volume 15.34 km³.

The annual variation of the water level in the reservoir due to its discharge through the units of the SSHHPP reaches 40 meters.

Literature

Adrianov, A.V. Essays on the Minusinsk Territory / A.V. Adrianov / Siberian commercial and industrial calendar for 1904. - Tomsk, 1904.S. 3 - 61.
Stakheev V.A. Sayano-Shushensky Biosphere Reserve in the system of compensating environmental protection measures in the zone of the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP
Stafievsky V.A., Romov L. Ya. The impact of the Sayano-Shushensky hydropower complex on the environment

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