Social sphere. B. In adolescence, the inner world of a person becomes more important. individual's assimilation of social norms

a group of industries that ensure the social development of both individual labor collectives and society as a whole.

Social sphere

The social sphere is a set of industries, enterprises, organizations that are directly related and determine the way and standard of living of people, their well-being and consumption.

SOCIAL SPHERE

this is the area of ​​relations between groups occupying different socio-economic positions in society, primarily differing in their role in the social organization of labor, attitudes towards the means of production, sources and sizes of the received share of social wealth.

SOCIAL SPHERE

branches of the national economy that do not participate in material production, but ensure the organization of service, exchange, distribution and consumption of goods, as well as the formation of the standard of living of the population, its well-being. TO social sphere include: trade, education, culture, social security, etc.

SOCIAL SPHERE

a set of industries, enterprises, organizations, directly related and determining the way and standard of living of people, their well-being, consumption. The social sphere includes, first of all, the service sector (education, culture, health care, social security, physical culture, public catering, utilities, passenger transport, communications).

Social sphere

a number of sectors of the economy and types of state activities that have a direct impact on individuals and families. First of all, it includes the branches of the socio-cultural complex: education, culture, health care, as well as science. A large role in this area is played by housing and communal services, passenger transport, communications serving the population, trade, and the consumer market. An important place belongs to such activities as solving the problems of labor relations, employment and migration of the population, the implementation of social protection and social security of the population.

Social sphere

1) The social (non-productive) sphere of social production is a sphere where material goods are not directly created. The social sphere includes: art, culture, sports, science, education, health care. 2) The social, material and spiritual conditions of his existence and activity surrounding a person.

It in a broad sense (macroenvironment) covers the socio-economic system as a whole - productive forces, the totality of social relations and institutions, public consciousness, the culture of a given society. In a narrow sense (microenvironment), being an element of the social sphere, as a whole, it includes the immediate social environment of a person - a family, a collective (labor, educational, etc.) and groups of people. It has a decisive influence on the formation and development of the personality, at the same time, under the influence of creative activity, human activity, the very transforms itself.

Department of "Automated control systems"

Course work

By discipline: "Management in socio-economic systems"

On the topic: "Application of methods and models of systems analysis and management theory to management problems in the social and economic spheres"

Completed:

5th year student

group MIVT-16-1-2

Zenin Kirill Andreevich

Introduction. 3

Main part. 6

1. Social and economic sphere.

2. Methods and models of system analysis. nine

3. Methods and models of the theory of decision making. 13

Chapter II 16

1. Brief information about the company "SimpLAN". 16

2. Analysis of the economic subsystem of the organization. 17

3. Construction of a mathematical model and the use of the simplex method of TPR for the analysis of the model. eighteen

4. Applications of the method expert assessments based on the rank assessment system with subsequent normalization, ranking and the use of the rank median method for analyzing the model of the economic subsystem. 29

5. Analysis of the social subsystem of the organization, construction of its model, improvement and analysis. 38

REFERENCES .. 45

Introduction

Economics studies production, problems of goods and services, supply and demand, human economic behavior in general, the use of money and capital. Sociology, in turn, seeks to develop models of economic behavior of various groups and to investigate the economic forces that affect people's lives. The relationship between the economic and social spheres is the influence of economic relations on the social structure of society and on the activity of social groups, as well as the influence of the system of social inequalities on socio-economic processes. The relationship between economic and sociological factors is often overlooked in the decision-making process. It is the connection between these two components as a whole that reflects the state of the enterprise as a whole.

The object of organizational behavior is employees of organizations, represented by managers, specialists, workers of support services. In turn, the employees of the organization are its main capital, since it is on them that the achievement of the organization's goals depends. In order for employees to strive to achieve the goals of the organization, it is necessary that the organization, in turn, motivates them to do so.

The transitional stage to market relations in the Russian economy is characterized by a crisis of motivation and a negative perception of the majority of employees of enterprises about labor activity. The essence of labor motivation was practically reduced to the desire to have the maximum guaranteed wages with an indifferent attitude towards the results of labor (quality, labor efficiency). Poverty of motivation and a narrow range of needs met through labor activity reduced the manageability of workers, made them weakly subject to incentives.

The above applies not only to employees, but also to specialists and managers, in particular middle managers.

Some of the workers who have retained the moral foundations of labor consciousness, rich labor motivation, are in the minority and are often in pre-retirement and retirement age. As for employers and senior managers, according to opinion polls, 90% of them, in contrast to other forms of influence, prefer administrative pressure, explaining this choice of methods of managing the decline in discipline. Therefore, the "carrot and stick" method, which is implemented through a system of the simplest economic and administrative incentives and sanctions, has become established today as the most common method of influencing people in order to obtain the desired result. Such a system is quite effective with low content of work, authoritarian leadership style and significant unemployment. The "carrot and stick" method should include proportional additional payments and deductions, work on the terms of the administration: fines, collective contracting and other well-known techniques.

This paper proposes to consider the applicability of the methodology of systems analysis and the theory of decision-making in the social and economic sphere of the enterprise and to trace, within its framework, the impact of changes in one area on another.

The purpose of this course work is to improve the efficiency of the organization through managerial impact on its social and economic sphere.

The object of the research is the socio-economic system "SimpLAN".

The subject of the research is the organization model, which includes social and economic components.

1. Consider the role and connection of the social and economic spheres.

3. Review the models and methods of CA and TPD.

4. Analyze the enterprise from the social and economic spheres and build its model.

5. Apply LBT techniques to improve plant performance.

The scientific novelty of the work lies in the study of the possibility and significance of using models and methods of system analysis and decision-making theory to improve the indicators of the economic and social sphere of a small organization.

The practical significance of the work lies in increasing the efficiency of the work of a small organization and its employees.

Main part

Chapter I

Social and economic sphere

According to T.I. Zaslavskaya and R.V. Ryvkina, the economic sphere is an integral subsystem of society responsible for the production, distribution, exchange and consumption of material goods and services necessary for the life of people. It is formed by a multitude of systems of greater complexity, private in relation to it.

The social sphere does not form a separate subsystem and cannot be considered on an equal footing with the economic, political and similar spheres, in order to understand its nature, we will define the concept of "social relation" (as the main characteristic of the social sphere). Social relations are understood in the scientific literature in two senses: broad and narrow. In a broad sense, they mean the relationship between any communities (for example, collectives of enterprises, the population of different regions, etc.), in a narrow sense - the relationship between classes, social strata and groups that occupy different positions in society. According to M.N. Rutkevich, social relations are “relations determined by the position of people and groups in the social structure of society. The core of social relations is the relationship of equality and inequality in the position of people and groups in society. Social relations are always "present" in economic, as well as in political and other social relations (although they do not exhaust them).

What is the connection between the social sphere understood in this way and the economic sphere?

First of all, the position occupied by different groups in society is determined to a decisive extent by the system of economic relations. Moreover, the groups themselves, which are discussed in economic sociology, are aggregates of individuals characterized by a similar position in the economic sphere, that is, they are within structural units public economy. They seem to bear its features in accordance with the well-known aphorism of K. Marx about the essence of a social person as a set of social relations. In this "imprint" of economic relations on the groups functioning within them, the direct impact of economic on social is manifested.

At the same time, the social area is a powerful factor of "reverse influence" on the functioning and development of the economy, which is realized through the activity of socio-economic groups, which are the driving force of socio-economic processes. Social processes are understood as changes in social objects over time, patterns that arise when their states change.

So, the relationship between the economic and social areas is the influence of economic relations on the social structure of society and on the activity of social groups, as well as the influence of the system of social inequalities on socio-economic processes.

The close connection between the social and economic spheres can be observed on the example of a small system that makes up the totality of these spheres - an enterprise. Any enterprise can be viewed as a socio-economic system with an internal structure that functions in constant interaction with the external environment.

The enterprise is a social system because it is created by people to satisfy specific needs society and is governed by people with certain personality traits. An enterprise is an economic system because, as a result of the use of economic resources and the sale of products, the continuity of the reproduction of the social product is ensured.

Considering the enterprise as a system, it is necessary to single out the object and the subject of influence in it. The object of influence in the enterprise system is a set of material conditions, production, organizational processes, relations between employees when the enterprise performs its functions.

The subject is the control apparatus, which, through various forms and methods of influence, carries out the purposeful functioning of the object.

In all economic systems, the main productive force is the person, the personnel of the organizations. By his labor, he creates material and spiritual values. The higher the human capital and the potential for its development, the better it works for the benefit of its enterprise. The employees of the enterprise, who are closely related to each other in the process of work, not only create a new product, perform work and provide services, but also form new social and labor relations. In business market relations, the social and labor sphere becomes the basis of the life of both individual workers and individual professional groups, entire production teams.

Thus, it is possible to single out the management tasks in the social subsystem of the enterprise:

· Improving the social conditions of the company's employees by creating better working conditions and setting higher wages;

· Professional development of employees by providing them with appropriate courses and motivation for this process.

· Prevention of disputable situations and conflicts within the working team.

Consider also the management tasks in the economic subsystem of the enterprise:

· Constant monitoring of the efficiency of the firm, coordination of the work of all its divisions;

Ensuring production automation

· Constant search and development of new markets.

· Determination of specific goals for the development of the company;

· Identifying the priority of goals, their order and sequence of achievement;

· Development of a system of measures to achieve the set goals;

· Determination of the necessary resources and sources of their provision;

· Establishment of control over the implementation of the assigned tasks.

The tasks of one area perfectly complement the tasks of another area, in general, leading to an increase in the efficiency of the enterprise.

However, it is not so easy to solve both problems at once. The problem is that solving the problems of the economic sphere can aggravate the solution of the problems of the social sphere and vice versa.

Features of social management at the regional level.

When developing directions of any, including social, transformations within a certain territory, of course, the specifics of a particular region are taken into account.

1. The economic independence of the region cannot be absolute, since the regional economy, being a subsystem of the national economy, cannot be regarded as an isolated part of it. This is evidenced by the fact that state budget financing is still the main source of financial resources for the economy of any region.

2. The level of development of the region is significantly influenced by natural and climatic factors (the availability of minerals and other natural resources, favorable conditions geographic environment, etc.) and the ecological situation.

3. Most of the regions are “highly specialized”, ie.

focused on certain spheres of the national economy (in this regard, industrial regions, agrarian, recreational, etc., are traditionally distinguished).

Regions as a grassroots sphere of life directly implement the socio-economic policy of the state: the whole country is governed through the regions and the state strategy is embodied in them. Taking into account a certain specificity, regional administration acts as a conductor of all-Russian interests. This does not exclude special aspects of management. On the contrary, taking into account the peculiarities makes it possible to avoid rigid centralization and bureaucratization of economic life. The efficiency of management is the higher, the freer, within the framework of a single economic mechanism, a business entity can dispose of its resources.

A rigid control system is less effective because restricts the freedom of grassroots government, violates the law feedback and, ultimately, leads to a violation of self-regulation. And regional government is called upon to eliminate the shortcomings of rigid centralization.

At the present stage, the management of the social sphere (both according to the current legislation and the emerging practice) is increasingly becoming the subject of attention and responsibility of the authorities and administration of the regional level. In this regard, the volume of work is increasing and the complexity of the tasks of managing the social sphere of the region is increasing, which gives rise to a number of problems associated with the need to further improve the system of territorial administration at the regional level. The essence of the crisis of the existing management mechanism in the social sphere is the inconsistency of the main groups of interests of the subjects of such activity, i.e. the interests of the constituent entities of the Federation are in conflict with the goals and objectives of the corresponding federal government bodies. This is especially acute when determining the long-term prospects for the development of the region.

At the regional level, the social sphere acts as an object of management for all state authorities that function and have a social orientation (ministries and state committees in charge of social protection, education, culture and interethnic relations, health care, physical culture and sports, labor, etc.), at the local level - administrations and departments of local self-government bodies. At each level of management of the social sphere, their functions are performed in accordance with the powers granted.

The management of the social sphere of the region is associated with the performance of many functions, the solution of specific analytical and organizational tasks, the processing of large-volume and complex-structured information flows. Since the social sphere is a specific area of ​​connections and relations that develop between the subjects of social life, its management should be carried out taking into account the conditions and factors that ensure the reproduction, development, improvement of interacting social groups and individuals.

The social sphere of the region is a complex ramified multidimensional system with a variety of connections, relationships, infrastructure, which together provide the vital activity and development of the regional community.

Regional social policy is understood as a set of measures of federal bodies aimed at the social development of regions. Regional social policy is formed by the Center. However, at the stage of concept development, it should be a two-way process of interaction between federal and regional structures. Social policy in the region is developed by the regional authorities with the participation of local self-government bodies, taking into account the concept of state social policy formed by the Federal Center.

In the practice of managing the region, there is no consistent development and systematic implementation of a social development strategy, and social policy, on the one hand, is reduced to individual measures to ensure a guaranteed social minimum, and on the other, to “patching holes” in the event of emergencies in the social sphere. Regional social policy turned out to be more aimed at developing a strategy for social development at the macro level, forming a single social unity, and social policy in the region at the practical implementation of a set of measures for the development of the social sphere in the region. Nevertheless, regional authorities and even local self-government bodies are called upon not only to implement social policy within their own territorial divisions, but also to form a strategy and tactics for social reforms on their territory within the established powers and opportunities to use their own funds. This is typical for regions in which an active social policy is being formed and implemented. In addition, regional authorities and local self-government bodies participate in the process of forming the social policy of the federal center (although still very limitedly).

Thus, the regional social policy can be formed and shaped in the regions of Russia only on the basis of the coordinated socio-economic policy of the Russian state and the subject of the Federation. Specific areas of social policy in the region (priorities, mechanisms, measures) largely depend on the socio-economic state and the specifics of the territory.

In addition to extra-regional and intra-regional factors, the regional social sphere is also formed by a set of organizations (as carriers of social policy) of a given territory. The end product of the organization's activities in the form of social benefits and services is aimed at active use in all elements of the external environment. Therefore, the social sphere of the region is considered, on the one hand, as a set of organizations, and on the other, as an open socially-oriented system.

The peculiarities of the social sphere of the region as an object of social policy are caused by the specific diversity of cultural development, climatic, geographical and ecological conditions, as well as the transformation of social and everyday needs in obtaining education, mastering cultural values, organizing work and recreation, maintaining health in the process of socialization of the individual in characteristic conditions for the functioning of a particular region. Achieving a balance in the social sphere, eliminating emerging social deformations and, ultimately, achieving social stability is the essence of social policy in the region.

Each region is inherently unique, however, there are differences in natural and climatic conditions, the degree of development of territories, key indicators of socio-economic development, etc. In other words, the economic space of Russia is very heterogeneous in both natural and climatic and socio-economic aspects. With the growing differentiation of the Russian space, it becomes more and more difficult to divide regions by type. For the sake of fairness, it must be said that this task was not easy before in the conditions of a planned economy.

Two main types of social indicators can be distinguished. The first type includes indicators, the quantitative characteristics of which make it possible to unambiguously substantiate the mandatory directions of social policy. At the same time, the socio-economic characteristics of individual regions are not factors of differentiation of these areas. Social indicators of the second type are characterized by the fact that the conclusion about the positive or negative value for the region of their actual value cannot be made without a comprehensive assessment of the situation in the region. In contrast to the situation with indicators of the first type, goal-setting in terms of the choice of directions of social policy acquires an active character in this case.

The indicators of the second type include, first of all, demographic indicators. Without knowing the real state of the region's economy, it is impossible to say whether positive or bad influence the region is influenced, for example, by the existing natural population growth or the migration balance. Thus, in labor-surplus regions with a tense situation on labor markets, a high natural increase in labor and a positive migration balance will lead to an increase in the load on their labor markets and a decrease in population incomes, etc.

The specific type of social policy can be determined if we take into account the peculiarities of the socio-economic situation that have developed in the country and its regions by a certain period of time. The peculiarities of this situation, in turn, determine the fundamental requirements for national social policy and the direction of its interregional differentiation.

Sphere of social life of society.

Society is a multitude of people. But this is not a simple sum of individuals. In this set, certain groups and communities arise that differ from one another and are found between themselves and society as a whole in various proportions.

Naturally, questions arise: for what reasons certain communities arise in society at one stage or another, what they are, what connections are established between them, how and why they develop, how they function, what is their historical fate, how a holistic picture is formed in society connections and dependencies of these communities and does it take shape at all, etc.? Social philosophy studies the laws according to which sustainable, large groups people, the relationship between these groups, their connections and their role in society. These laws constitute the content of a special area of ​​public life - its social sphere.

In philosophical and sociological science, a whole spectrum of social structures of society is distinguished: socio-class, socio-territorial (settlement), which is based on the differences between city and country, socio-demographic, reflecting the position of sex and age groups, professional structure, by industry. Scientific ideas about ethnic communities and their differentiation, the microsocial structure of society - primary collectives, family, etc. have also been significantly enriched.

At the same time, no one specifically sanctioned, but nevertheless a fairly strong tradition of excessive division, specialization of the study of various elements, has developed. social life... Within the framework of this tradition, classes and class relations, ethnic communities, collectives, family, etc. were studied separately.

But the development of society with ever greater persistence requires overcoming the separate study of individual communities, requires an integral analysis of social life.

Social structure is understood as stratification and hierarchical organization of various strata of society, as well as a set of institutions and the relationship between them. The term "stratification" - stratum - layers, layer. Strata are large groups of people differing in their position in the social structure of society.

The basis of the stratification structure of society is the natural and social inequality of people... However, on the question of what exactly is the criterion for this inequality, their opinions differ. Studying the process of stratification in society, K. Marx called the fact of a person's possession of property and the level of his income as such a criterion. M. Weber added to them social prestige and the subject's belonging to political parties, to power. Pitirim Sorokin believed that the reason for the stratification was the uneven distribution of rights and privileges, responsibilities and duties in society. He also argued that the social space has many other differentiation criteria: it can be carried out according to citizenship, occupation, nationality, religious affiliation, etc.

Historically, stratification, that is, inequality in income, power, prestige, etc., arises from the beginning. human society... With the emergence of the first states, it becomes tougher, and then, in the process of development of society (primarily European), it gradually softens.

There are four main types of social stratification in sociology - slavery, castes, estates and classes. The first three characterize closed societies, and the last type - open ones.

The first system of social stratification is slavery, which arose in antiquity and in some backward regions is still preserved. There are two forms of slavery: patriarchal, in which the slave has all the rights of a younger member of the family, and classical, in which the slave has no rights and is considered the property of the owner (a talking tool). Slavery was based on direct violence, and social groups in the era of slavery were distinguished by the presence or absence of civil rights.

The second system of social stratification should be recognized as the caste system. A caste is a social group (stratum) whose membership is passed on to a person only at birth. The transition of a person from one caste to another during life is impossible - for this he needs to be born again. India is a classic example of a caste society.

The next form of stratification is the estates. An estate is a group of people that has rights and obligations enshrined in law or custom, inherited. Usually, there are privileged and non-privileged classes in society. For example, in Western Europe, the first group included the nobility and the clergy. to the second - artisans, merchants and peasants.

Finally, class is another stratification system. V. I. Lenin: “Classes are large groups of people that differ in their place in a historically defined system of social production, in their relation (mostly enshrined and formalized in laws) to the means of production, in their role in the social organization of labor, and therefore , according to the methods of obtaining and the size of the share of social wealth that they have at their disposal. "

Depending on the historical period in society, the following are distinguished as the main classes:

a) slaves and slave owners;

b) feudal lords and feudal-dependent peasants;

c) the bourgeoisie and the proletariat;

d) the so-called middle class.

Since any social structure is a collection of all functioning social communities taken in their interaction, the following elements can be distinguished in it:

a) ethnic structure (clan, tribe, nationality, nation);

b) demographic structure (groups are distinguished by age and gender);

c) settlement structure (urban residents, rural residents, etc.)

d) class structure (bourgeoisie, proletariat, peasants, etc.);

e) vocational and educational structure.

A person who occupies a certain place in the structure has the ability to move from one level to another, increasing or lowering his social status, or from one group located at a certain level to another group located at the same level (moving from the Orthodox into a Catholic religious group, from one citizenship to another) This transition is called social mobility. (Vertical mobility is the advancement of a person up or down the career ladder.)

Social mobility sometimes leads to the fact that some people find themselves, as it were, at the junction of certain social groups, while experiencing serious psychological difficulties. Their intermediate position is largely determined by the inability or unwillingness, for whatever reason, to adapt to one of the interacting social groups. This phenomenon of finding a person, as it were, between two cultures, associated with his movement in social space, is called marginality. A marginal is an individual who has lost a swap of his former social status, deprived of the opportunity to do his usual business and, moreover, found himself unable to adapt to the new socio-cultural environment of the stratum within which he formally exists. The individual value system of such people is so stable that it does not lend itself to being replaced by new norms, principles, and rules. Their behavior is extreme: they are either overly passive or very aggressive, easily overstep moral norms and are capable of unpredictable actions. Among the marginals there may be ethnomarginal people - people who have found themselves in a foreign environment as a result of migration; religious marginals - people who stand outside the confession or do not dare to make a choice between them, etc.

The qualitative changes taking place in the economic basis of modern Russian society have entailed serious changes in its social structure. The currently emerging social hierarchy is characterized by inconsistency, instability and a tendency to significant changes. The highest stratum (elite) today can include representatives of the state apparatus, as well as the owners of big capital, including their top - the financial oligarchs. The middle class in modern Russia includes representatives of the entrepreneurial class, as well as knowledge workers, highly qualified managers (managers). Finally, the lowest stratum is made up of workers of various professions, employed in labor of medium and low qualifications, as well as clerical employees and employees of the public sector (teachers and doctors in state and municipal institutions). It should be noted that the process of social mobility between these levels in Russia is limited, which may become one of the prerequisites for future conflicts in society.

In the process of changing the social structure of modern Russian society, the following trends can be distinguished:

1) social polarization, i.e. stratification into rich and poor, deepening social and property differentiation;

2) massive downward social mobility;

3) mass change of place of residence by knowledge workers (the so-called "brain drain").

In general, we can say that the main criteria that determine the social position of a person in modern Russia and his belonging to one or another stratification level are either the size of his wealth or belonging to power structures.

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Society is a rather complex concept, and several definitions can be given to it. In the first case, it is a group of people who are united by similar interests and joint activities. Also, society can be called a part of the material world, which is closely related to nature, but not a subspecies of it. Society consists of individuals with their ways of organizing activities.

Society is a dynamic, constantly evolving system. It is complex, that is, it consists of a large number of elements and components. To study society as a whole, it is necessary to study each of its components.

There are four systems of society: economic, political, social and spiritual. These spheres are closely interconnected, without one of them the others could not exist.

Social sphere

Covers social communities and the connection between them. This area also includes ensuring a high-quality standard of living of the population: payment of pensions and benefits, free education and medical services.

The main subject of study in this area is man as a social being. No individual can exist without society, as well as it without it. Throughout his life, a person performs several social roles and has a certain status. The social status of a person is determined by the position he occupies in society in accordance with his gender, age, profession, and lifestyle. Status presupposes the fulfillment of certain duties by a person.

The status assigned to a person from birth is called congenital: These are gender, age, race. It is much easier for people born into a family with good material wealth to build their careers than the poorer ones. But a greater place is occupied by the acquired statuses - those that are obtained by a person throughout his life: education, hard work.

The status determines what its carrier can and should do in a particular situation and what not. A framework for its activities is being established.

No less important is the concept of prestige - a kind of popularity that a particular field of activity enjoys in society. The more expensive a person's profession is paid, the more prestigious it is.

The social role is called the prescription of the corresponding status of behavior. Each person has his own set of roles - a set of roles he performs. Boy or girl, son or daughter, student or worker - these are all social roles. They can change throughout life (student - student - worker) or remain unchanged (son - daughter).

An important element of the social sphere is the division of society into groups - social stratification. Its main types are considered slavery (one person is the property of another), castes (a closed group of people who are related by origin; characteristic of a number of Asian countries), estates (a closed group of people, a position in a society in which is determined by the presence of certain rights and responsibilities, passing on inheritance) and estates (a closed group, the position in society in which is directly related to the attitude towards private property). When there is social stratification, there is inequality - conditions under which people have unequal access to material goods.

In the modern world, the strata that determine the position of a person are conventionally distinguished. These include education, income, power, and prestige. The transition between strata is possible, the level of social mobility (horizontal and vertical) is very high. Social elevators have a special effect on mobility; they allow you to move from one stratum to another in the shortest possible period of time. Social elevators are the army, church, marriage, family, school, and more.

People who came out of one social class, but for some reason did not join another, are called marginals, that is, non-class individuals. They are free from stereotypes and depend only on themselves, do not bother with work.

A social institution is stable form organization of joint human activities. There are several basic institutions and their functions: family (reproductive function - reproduction of the clan), state (ensuring law and order and security), education (educational function, gaining new knowledge, primary socialization), religion (solving spiritual problems, searching for the meaning of life). The task of social institutions is to meet human needs. Its primary, that is, the most necessary for successful life, is considered the need for food, drink, clothing, housing, communication.

Social values ​​are abstract: pity, mutual help, kindness - they cannot be measured or touched.

Social norms govern behavior in society. These include legal norms, that is, norms established legally (laws, regulations), morality (the concept of good and evil), religious (the Bible says: "do not kill", "do not steal") and technical (when a small child is explained it is dangerous to stick your fingers into the socket).

All people interact with each other in one way or another. At the same time, they are obliged to respect the opinions and interests of others, to be tolerant. In the absence of this quality, conflicts begin, the most difficult and dangerous form of which is interethnic conflicts. Each ethnic group, in addition to a certain territory, language, politics and economy, has its own national culture. The culture of each ethnic group is unique, and we must try to preserve it for posterity. Each culture can be expressed by a mentality - a national character.

It regulates the relationship between government and society. This system is dynamic: it does not stand still and is constantly evolving.

Politics encompasses not only the power of the ruler, but also his opposition and their relationship with the people. These are political views and ideas; legal culture and political relations, legal and political values ​​and norms. In addition, the political sphere has communication - it connects all strata of society with each other.

The functions of politics are so extensive that they cover all aspects of human life.

- Lawmaking - issuing laws and regulating their implementation

- Formation of political consciousness of people and manipulation of the masses - with the help of the Mass Media (mass media): newspapers, magazines, television and radio broadcasting

- Determination of tasks and ways of development and their implementation to the masses

- Coordination of the interests of society with the interests of the state

The traditional form of government is a monarchy, in which power is inherited. Monarchy is absolute, when the power of the ruler is not limited by anything, and limited (constitutional and parliamentary). In a republican form of government, the ruler is elected for a certain period, it can be the president or parliament.

The political regime indicates the ways of organizing power in the state. The most "free" is the democratic regime. Power is concentrated in the hands of the people, it is its source. Democracy is a mandatory separation of powers (into legislative, judicial and executive), equality of all citizens before the law and universal suffrage. Decisions are taken by a majority, taking into account the views of the minority, as well as political pluralism - freedom of opinion and opinion, a large number of parties, the existence of opposition.

Totalitarian and unitary regimes are considered undemocratic. The state interferes in public life (under authoritarianism only in the economy and politics, under totalitarianism - including personal life), the participation of the people is minimal, there is a single ideology, sometimes even a personality cult.

The Mass Media has a great influence on politics: thanks to their activities, the attitude of citizens to the government of the state, their choice when voting, changes. The media have a great influence on a person, regulate his consciousness. Many even call the media "the fourth estate" - their influence is so great.

The Mass Media evaluates information and comments on it, political socialization (attracting people to the political sphere, increasing political activity), representing the interests of various groups and public associations.

The media rarely reports on boring meetings or unimportant laws. Most often, they bring people sensational statements, emergencies and messages about previously unknown phenomena. Such news attracts the average reader and enhances their political culture, introduces them to the values ​​of politics.

All thoughts and feelings of a person associated with his political participation are called political consciousness. The political consciousness formed in each person and reflecting what he remembers in Everyday life, is called common. Political feelings, experiences, the role of the individual in politics fall under the consideration of political psychology. Political psychology is formed on the basis of the interaction between citizens and the state.

The holistic set of ideas and perceptions that serve as the basis for political action is called ideology. In the twentieth century, communist ideology prevailed, when Marx's ideas on revolutionary violence came to the fore. Joseph Stalin continued the development of this ideology and the idea of ​​a world revolution was born. The leadership of the proletariat, the establishment of a dictatorial regime, the reorganization of society on the principles of equality and justice — these are the main ideas of communism.

It regulates relations between people that arise in the field of goods and services. They include production, consumption, exchange and distribution of wealth.

Economics is understood as the sciences that investigate the use of people available to them. All resources that people use in the course of their activities are called factors of production. The main factors of production are labor (the activity of people in the production of material goods), land (all types of natural resources), capital (buildings and structures, money), entrepreneurship (the ability to correctly assess and build their production).

Unfortunately, in the modern world there is a problem of limited resources. This problem is due to the fact that people are not able to rationally use what they have been given. Human desires are limitless, they have long exceeded his primary needs. And in order to satisfy most of them, a supply of resources is needed much larger than it is now.

The economic system is represented by three main types of economy: traditional, command and market.

The traditional economic system, although inherent in pre-industrial (traditional) society, is also manifested in the modern world - many people have vegetable gardens, summer cottages - subsistence farming.

The command system completely denies the existence of private property, all property is state property. Each enterprise works according to a specific plan (how much and what kind of products must be produced within a certain period of time), established by the government.

The market economy plays the most important role in the economic sphere. It is based on the right to private property, the development of competition, and economic freedom. V market economy the state does not interfere, it only regulates and protects it through laws.

Spiritual culture is the process of mastering culture, science, religion. It determines the value and moral qualities of society, reflects its level and quality of development.

The very first step spiritual development society is morality. It can be compared to a legal custom, not enshrined in laws, but constituting its basis. Moral norms reflect the basic values ​​of society, the measure of its aesthetic, religious development.

Culture can be divided into material (sculptures, architectural buildings) and spiritual (achievements of science and art). Innovation in culture is impossible without continuity: the authors, creating their creations, rely on the achievements of the past.

The inner spiritual life of each individual is considered his spiritual world. The person who has spiritual world absent, called spiritless. There is a huge difference between people who regularly visit theaters and various exhibitions and reject art as such.

Culture is one of the highest human values. It focuses on the concepts of goodness and evil, truth and beauty. Patriotism is also important - love for the Motherland.

A person's views on the world around him constitute his worldview - a holistic view of nature, man, society, and the ideals of the individual. A worldview can be based on faith in God, concentrate on a person or science, nature.

Art is let the comprehension of the beautiful. It is a moving wheel whose vantage point is constantly changing. Art was created in order to overcome the possibilities of communication between individual nations.

Was last modified: January 12th, 2016 by Elena Pogodaeva

IN 1. Establish a correspondence between the facts and spheres of society: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second

SPHERES OF SOCIETY LIFE

A) production of goods and services

1) economic

B) the relationship of "fathers" and "children"

2) social

C) interethnic conflict

D) provision of banking services

IN 2. Below is a list of social groups. All of them, with the exception of one, are formed on a confessional basis. Find and indicate a social group that "falls out" of their number, formed on a different basis:

Orthodox, Muslims, Protestants, Conservatives, Catholics.

AT 3. Find the paths of social development in the list below and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in ascending order:

1) differentiation

2) evolution

3) mobility

4) stratification

5) revolution

AT 4. Write down the word you missed in the diagram below:

AT 5. Establish the correspondence between the main spheres of society and the phenomena characteristic of them.

SPHERE OF SOCIETY LIFE

CHARACTERISTIC PHENOMENON

1) political

A) Raising gasoline taxes.

2) economic

B) Expression of no confidence in the government.

3) social

C) Premiere of the opera "Boris Godunov" by MP Mussorgsky.

4) spiritual

D) Increase in old-age pensions by 200 rubles.

Write down the selected numbers in the table.

Read the text and complete tasks C1-C4

A social group is understood as an association of people with common characteristics, common interests, values, traditions. Social groups are classified on various grounds. Here are some of them: depending on the presence or absence of official status, groups are divided into formal and informal. Depending on the number of members, social groups are divided into small, medium and large.

Formal groups include groups built on the basis of official regulations, regulations, instructions. The members of such groups are focused on performing some kind of activity and have a structured in a certain way. Informal groups include spontaneously emerging associations of people who do not have documents regulating their activities. In formal groups, relationships can develop that are characteristic of informal groups.

In small groups, all members are in direct contact. Its size ranges from two to several dozen people (although some scientists believe that a small group can be called an association of no more than 5-7 people). The main characteristics of a small group include: direct contact between individuals, interpersonal interaction, the presence of a common goal and activity, intragroup distribution of functions and social roles, common interests, social norms, traditions, a certain localization in space and stability in time. The main thing in a small group is the strength with which the group acts on its member.

(Adapted from the materials of the encyclopedia for schoolchildren

C1. Highlight the main semantic parts of the text. Title each of them (make a plan for the text).

SZ. What makes a formal group different from an informal one? Using the content of the text, point out two differences.

C4. V.'s family consists of 7 people: parents, three children, grandparents. They live together in their own home. Parents work and take their children to school, grandfather picks up children from school and helps them do their homework, grandmother takes care of the household.

What signs of a small group indicated in the text are manifested in this example?

1. Are the following judgments about the main spheres of social life correct? A. The main spheres of society are quite autonomous and at the same time inextricably

connected. B. Changes in one area of ​​society do not affect other areas and society as a whole. 1) only A is true 3) both statements are true 2) only B is true 4) both statements are false

1. Societies of African countries and industrial society are united by: a) the interconnection of all spheres of society

b) the use of mobile phones

v) high level education

d) urbanization

2. The process of uniting nations and nationalities, blurring boundaries in culture and economy, is manifested in:

a) the dominance of mass culture in the world

b) reducing the role of the UN

c) the formation of international corporations

d) ultimatums to third world countries

3. State A. has a directive economic system. This means that there:

a) there are all forms of ownership

b) there is private ownership of apartments

c) state ownership prevails

d) there is private ownership of land

4. Which of the actions should a citizen not take while protecting his consumer rights?

a) go to court

b) contact a lawyer

c) meet with the violator

d) break the goods

5. A political party is an organized group of people seeking to ..........:

a) get benefits

b) receive orders

c) to gain power or the ability to influence it

d) receive an award

6. Political parties are:

a) right, left and centrist

b) liberal and communist

c) major and minor

d) parliamentary and opposition

7. Which of the following relates to manifestations of spiritual culture?

a) residential building

c) TV

d) rules of conduct

8. Which of the following is redundant?

a) articulate speech

b) upright posture

c) the presence of reason

d) the ability to communicate

9. Nikolai deposited money into a bank account. In this case, the money is:

a) a medium of exchange

b) a means of payment

c) a means of accumulation

d) a measure of value

10. One of the listed sources of the family budget relates to social benefits.

a) wage father

b) profit from family business

c) student son scholarship

d) grandmother's pension

11. Some of the concepts below are superfluous. Eliminate them.

a) wages

b) bank interest

c) utility bills

d) pension

12. What do the above concepts have in common? Farm, commercial bank, travel agency, tailor shop.

a) they belong to the economic sphere

b) they belong to the service sector

c) they belong to the sphere of production

d) they bring profit to the owners

13. What do the above concepts have in common?

Trade, price, sellers, buyers.

a) they belong to the political sphere

b) these are manifestations of social mobility

c) these are the elements of the sale-purchase relationship

d) they relate to the field of economic management

14. The prohibition of any action, the oldest form of custom, called:

a) limitation

b) permission

d) caution

15. Eliminate the unnecessary concept from the following:

b) youth

d) elderly

16. Scientists have established that more young people came to the elections of the President of the Russian Federation than to the elections to the State Duma. What methods of research could this be established?

a) observation

c) measurement

d) experiment

1. The needs of a person, generated by society, include the need for: 1) labor activity; 2) normal

heat exchange 3) health preservation; 4) physical activity.

2. To the needs of a person, due to his biological

organization, includes the need for:

1) self-realization; 2) self-preservation; 3) self-knowledge; 4) self-education

3. Personality is:

1) any representative of human society; 2) socially significant traits that characterize a person as a member of society; 3) every human individual; 4) a set of biological and social characteristics of a person.

4. Individuality is:

1) specific features inherent in humans as a biological organism; 2) a person's temperament, his character; 3) the unique originality of both natural and social in a person; 4) a set of human needs and abilities.

5. Socialization of personality is:

1) communication with others; 2) change in social status; 3) assimilation of social experience accumulated by humanity; 4) the transition from one social group to another.

6. The sign of human activity that distinguishes it from animal behavior is:

1) the manifestation of activity; 2) goal setting; 3) adaptation to the surrounding world; 4) interaction with nature.

7. What is “violation of ecological balance” ?:

a) a sharp deterioration in the state of the natural environment;

b) changes in the ecosystem, leading, ultimately, to its replacement by another ecosystem for a long or infinite period.

8. Which sphere does the concept of "morality" belong to?

a) social;

b) spiritual;

c) political;

d) economic.

9. Choose the correct statements:

a) Human freedom consists in his ability to live outside of society.

b) If there is no person, there is no society.

c) Each new generation is included in the already established social relations.

d) The life of society is not subject to change.

e) Knowledge, work skills, moral norms are products of social development.

10. Choose the correct statements:

a) Labor creates everything necessary for the life of people.

b) Throughout history, society has viewed labor as the greatest good.

c) Labor is associated with nature and affects - directly or indirectly - natural objects.

d) The emergence of automatic technology frees a person from the need to work.

e) The introduction of machines into production made it possible to replace the human hand in many operations.

11. Choose the correct statements:

a) Political relations always concern the authorities, the state.

b) Politics and political relations arose along with the emergence of human society.

c) Only the state issues laws that are binding on all its citizens.

d) The interests of large social communities are formulated and expressed by political parties.

e) Membership in one of the political parties is the responsibility of every citizen.

12. What are the factors of production ?:

3) capital;

4) entrepreneurial ability;

5) information.

13. What type of economy is most common ?:

a) traditional;

b) centralized;

c) market;

d) mixed.

14. Choose the correct statement:

a) the main principle of the market - the transaction should be profitable either only for the seller, or only for the buyer;

b) the main problem of the economy is the distribution of unlimited resources;

c) three main issues of economics - what, how and for whom to produce.

15. Adjust:

1) power, state, presidential elections, suffrage

2) production of material goods, finance, banks, trade

3) classes, nations, primary collectives, inequality

4) theater, religion, science, moral norms, values

A) the spiritual sphere of the life of society

B) the social sphere of the life of society

C) the economic sphere of society

D) the political sphere of society

Society, being a complex system of human activity and relationships, consists of material production, social reproduction, organizational and spiritual activity. In this article, we will talk about the main spheres of public life, point out their signs and interrelation. With the help of the material, you can prepare additional information for the lesson, draw up a plan for the topic.

Spheres of public life

Society consists of certain subsystems (spheres). The totality of spheres of public life is a stable relationship between social subjects.

In social science, four subsystems are distinguished:

• Economic;
• Political;
• Social;
• Spiritual.

Each of the listed areas consists of:

• a certain type of activity;
• social institutions (school, family, church, parties);
• relationships that have arisen during human activities.

Economic sphere

This area includes relations that arise in the material production of vital goods, namely the production, exchange, distribution, consumption of services and goods.

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The economic component of society includes production forces (workers, tools) and production relations (production, distribution, exchange, consumption of goods). The main components of the economic subsystem are production, consumption and trade.

Political sphere

Includes relationships related to politics, power.

The original meaning of the word politician, translated from the ancient Greek language, meant "the art of government." In the modern world, the term is used to denote social life, the problems of which are the acquisition, use and retention of power.

The main components of this group of social life are:

• political institutions (parties);
• legal and moral standards;
• communications;
• culture and ideology.

Social sphere

This group of social life includes relations arising in the production and life of a person, as an individual of society. It includes social communities and relationships between them.

The social structure is divided:

• demographic;
• ethnic;
• settlement;
• educational;
• professional;
• estate-class group.

Spiritual realm

This system includes ideal non-material formations, which include values, ideas, religion, art, morality.

Spirituality is aimed at meeting the needs for self-awareness, worldview and spiritual qualities. The main components are spiritual production (science, art, religion) and spiritual consumption (visiting cultural institutions, gaining new knowledge).

Interrelation of spheres of society

All of the above components of society are closely related to each other.

In different eras, mankind has tried to single out one of the spheres. So, in the Middle Ages, the spiritual, religious component was of great importance, in the era of the Enlightenment - scientific knowledge and morality. Marxism paid special attention to economic relations, and many other concepts - to law and politics.

The characteristic modern society is the totality of all components. Example - a place in the social hierarchy affects political views, access to spiritual values, education. Economic relations depend on the policy of the state, which is formed on the traditions and customs of the people.

You can find out the features of each subsystem in the following table:

What have we learned?

Society has four closely related subsystems. The economic component is responsible for material benefits, their receipt and distribution, the political component is responsible for power and management, the social subsystem is responsible for the relationship between different segments of the population, the spiritual sphere is responsible for morality, education and culture.

Test by topic

Assessment of the report

Average rating: 4.1. Total ratings received: 93.

• 1. The social sphere of the life of society includes the institution

• production

• states

• religions

• families

• 2. The cooperation of several individuals for the penning of a common task is called

• deed

• conflict

• cooperation

• competition

• 3. Definition: "The rules established in society, patterns of behavior that regulate the life of people" refers to the concept

• social status

• social norms

• social values

• social prestige

• 4. Which of the following falls within the definition of a social group?

• a family

• social layer

• Production Association

• all of the above

• 34. Social stratification represents

• social difference, inequality in status

• the result of interaction within a community group

• any changes in personality status

• individual's assimilation of social norms

• 35. Different access of people to social services is reflected in the concept

• social background

• social inequality

• socialization

• social mobility

• 36. The movement of people from one social to another is the essence of the concept

• social mobility

• social stratification

• social adaptation

• social stability

• 37. In ancient Rome, slaves did not have the right to inherit property, participate in public life, and marry. This is an example of the manifestation of social

• stability

• mobility

• inequalities

• evolution

• 38. Upward vertical social mobility is illustrated by an example

• the actor moved from one regional theater to another "

• basketball coach moved from one top division team to another

• the head of the shop received an invitation to take the position of the chief designer of the plant

• the lieutenant was demoted to ensign

• 39. Many Roman emperors came from ordinary soldiers. This fact is an example of manifestation

• social stratification

• social status

• 40. After graduating from the institute, M. came to work at school as a teacher. After 15 years, he was appointed director of this educational institution. This fact is an example

• horizontal social mobility

• social stratification

• socialization

• vertical social mobility

• 41. Are the following judgments about social mobility correct?

• A. In the process of social mobility, people move within the framework of social strata.

• B. In the process of social mobility, there is a change in the status of only individuals and never social groups.

• only A is true

• only B is true

• both judgments are correct

• both judgments are wrong

• 42. Are the following judgments about social mobility correct?

• A. Social mobility refers to the movement of a person from one social group to another.

• B. Social mobility is understood primarily as an increase in the level of a person's income.

• only A is true

• true only B

• both judgments are correct

• both judgments are wrong

• 43. Social norms

• unchanged throughout the history of mankind

• the same for all societies

• strictly implemented by all members of society

• apply to all members of society

• 44. The oldest social norm developed by mankind is

• morality

• tradition

• politeness

• taboo

• 45. The following feature is characteristic of all social norms

• consolidation in normative acts

• expression of public opinion

• coercive power of the state

• acting as a regulator of human behavior

• 46. ​​A measure taken against a party that has violated the rules of conduct is called

• presumption

• sanction

• deviation

• fiction

• 47. Does not apply to social norms

• duty to care for elderly parents

• duty to greet when a person enters the premises

• prohibition to disassemble an electrical appliance if it has keys to electricity

• prohibition to cross the street at a red traffic light

• 48. Aesthetic norms

• fixed in official documents

• provided by the force of state coercion

• reflect the idea of ​​the beautiful i ugly

• represented by religious prohibitions and prescriptions

• 49. Instructions to take off your coat and hat when visiting the theater, not to make noise during the performance illustrate social norms

• etiquette

• morality

• rights

• religions

• 50. Criminal conduct that violates formal

• norms is called

• 1) conformist

• 2) deviant

• 3) informal

• 4) delinquent

• 51. Innovation is a form

• negative deviant behavior

• positive deviant behavior

• misconduct

• intransigent behavior

• 52. A young talented actor striving for popularity has a habit of wearing strange, unusual outfits. This example illustrates the behavior

• customary

• violating the law

• negative deviant

• positive deviant

• 53. Are the following judgments about deviant behavior true?

• A. Deviant behavior always leads to positive consequences.

• B. Deviant behavior is always regarded as a negative phenomenon.

• only A is true

• only B is true

• both judgments are correct

• both judgments are wrong

• 54. Are the following judgments about deviant behavior true?

• A. Deviant behavior can be socially acceptable

• approved.

• B. The manifestation of deviant behavior is

• participation in the election campaign.

• only A is true

• only B is true

• both judgments are correct

• both judgments are wrong

• 55. The system of methods of influence of society, social groups on a person is

• 1) social status

• 2) social control

• 3) social norm

• 4) social sanction

• 56. Informal negative sanctions include

• condemnation

• fine

• rebuke

• 57. Are the following judgments about the functions of social control correct?

• A. Social control serves to achieve and maintain social stability in society

• B. Social control contributes to the formation of self-control.

• only A is true

• only B is true

• both judgments are correct

• both judgments are wrong

• 58. Are the following judgments about self-control true?

• A. Conscience is a manifestation of internal control.

• B. The higher the level of self-control in a person, the less the regulatory function of external control is manifested.

• only A is true

• only B is true

• both judgments are correct

• both judgments are wrong

• 59. The official form of expression of approval from the authorities for a person is

• oral characterization

• flattering review at a collective meeting

• friendly attitude

• awarding

• 60. A policeman was severely reprimanded for abuse of power during a special operation to combat street crime, in which more than ten residents of the city were injured. This penalty is a manifestation of sanctions

• formal positive

• formal negative

• informal positive

• informal negative

• 61. A well-known businessman has established a personal scholarship for excellent students. This is an example of social

• authority

• norms

• sanctions

• stratification

• 62. The family as a small group is characterized by

• community of political views

• community of life

• getting an education

• professional activities

• 63. The family belongs to the sociological concept:

• 1) institute

• 2) prestige

• 3) status

• 4) mobility

• 64. An element of the self-control mechanism is not

• public opinion

• individual consciousness

• conscience

• communication

• 65. Are the following judgments about the psychological characteristics of youth correct?

• A. For a teenager, first of all, external being, actions, friends are important.

• B. In adolescence, the inner world of a person becomes more important.

• only A is true

• only B is true

• both judgments are correct

• both judgments are wrong

• 66. What feature distinguishes youth as a social group?

• 1) homogeneity, lack of differentiation

• 2) common political beliefs

• 3) similar behavior

• 4) unity of income level

• 67. Belonging to the A. family provides its members with the opportunity to gain notoriety in the scientific community. This example reflects function families

• emotional and psychological

• educational

• protective

• social status

• 68. Judgments about youth:

• A. Young people are characterized by a public rejection of the existing ideology.

• B. Youth is characterized by the presence of their own

• beliefs, values.

• only A is true

• only B is true

• both judgments are correct

• both judgments are wrong

• 69. A sign of an ethnic social community

• class division

• single citizenship

• language and culture

• religion and morality

• 70. Definition: "The totality of clans, interconnected by the commonality of culture, origin, dialect, religious beliefs is ..."

• a family

• people

• tribe

• nation

• 71. Name of a person's belonging to any ethnic group

• 1) people

• 2) nationality

• 3) nation

• 4) tribe

• 72. Are the following judgments about the ethnic identity of the people true?

• A. Ethnic self-awareness of the people fixes inherited cultural traditions, understanding of their place among other peoples.

• B. The ethnic identity of the people has not yet formed at such a stage in the development of an ethnos as a tribe.

• only A is true

• only B is true

• both judgments are correct

• both judgments are wrong

• 73. Are the following judgments about the nation correct?

• A. People belonging to one nation are united by a common historical and cultural tradition.

• B. People belonging to the same nation always speak the same language.

• only A is true

• only B is true

• both judgments are correct

• both judgments are wrong

• 74. Definition: "Ideology in politics, consisting in the preaching of national exclusivity, national superiority, aimed at inciting national hatred ..." refers to the concept

• xenophobia

• genocide

• discrimination

• nationalism

• 75. Are the following judgments about the trends in the development of nations at the present stage correct?

• A. The process of rapprochement, unification of nations on the basis of economic integration.

• B. The process of differentiation of nations, expressed by their desire for self-determination.

• only A is true

• only B is true

• both judgments are correct

• both judgments are wrong

• 76. The trend towards interethnic integration in society reflects

• separatism

• rapprochement of peoples

• national isolation

• national differentiation

• 77. Ethnic conflicts are (are)

• intensification of inflationary processes in the economy

• infringement of the rights of national minorities

• environmental problems in the regions

• property differentiation of the population

• 78. Gevocide is

• the policy of forcible isolation of the population on the basis of racial discrimination

• a policy aimed at the destruction of any national, ethnic or religious group

• restriction or deprivation of the rights of certain groups of people on national, political or other social grounds

• ideology and policy of the priority of the national factor in social development

• 79. In a democratic state, national policy is implemented through

• 1) guaranteeing the rights of indigenous peoples

• 2) constitutional consolidation of the national electoral qualification

• 3) granting rights to citizens according to national

• sign

• 4) restriction of the use of the national language

• B2.2 Below is a list of terms. All of them, with the exception of one, are associated with the concept of "national politics".

• Assimilation; racism discrimination; stratification, ethnic cleansing.

• Find a term not related to the concept

• "National policy".

• B 2.3 Below is a list of terms. All of them, with the exception of one, are associated with the concept of "social conflict".

• Compromise; negotiation; arbitration; rehabilitation; witnesses.

• Find and specify a term not related to the concept of "social conflict"

• In 3.1 Establish a correspondence between the type of status and the individual status of the individual:

• 1.attainable (obtainable)

• 2.prescribed

• And russian

• B) lumpen

• C) regiment commander

• D) man

• E) university professor

• B 3.2 Establish a correspondence between positive sanctions and examples illustrating their application.

• 1) formal

• 2) informal

• A) citizen V. was awarded the title of Honored Artist of the Russian Federation

• B) a note in the wall newspaper of the design bureau, written by engineer A., ​​was approved by colleagues

• C) researcher V. received a prize at the plant for his invention

• D) researcher L. was awarded the degree of Doctor of Historical Sciences

• Q4.1 Find in the list below those related to the characteristics of the stratification development of society, and circle the numbers under which they are indicated.

• income level

• place in the system of social production

• attitude to the means of production

• basic lifestyle features

• role in social organization of labor

• social prestige

• Write the circled numbers in ascending order.

• Q 4. Find the reasons for group social mobility in the list below and circle the numbers under which they are indicated.

• social background

• social revolution

• change of political regime

• the level of education

• Civil War

• family social status

• B 5.2 Read the text below, each position of which is numbered.

(1) A social role is a person's behavior that ensures the fulfillment of his status rights; responsibilities. (2) A social role is a normatively approved, socially stable pattern of behavior. (3) A person realizes this role within the framework of a particular status. (4) In our opinion, it is social role allows a person to easily and painlessly integrate into any social system.

• A) factual nature

• In 5.3 Read the text below, each position of which is numbered.

(1) According to estimates, the resident population of the Russian Federation as of April 1, 2005 was 143.3 million people and since the beginning of the year has decreased by 224.2 thousand people. (2) In the first quarter of 2005 in Ross there was a decrease in the number of births and an increase in the number of deaths. (3) According to sociologists, the trend towards population decline will remain unchanged in the coming years. (4) Nevertheless, many experts believe that as a result of the implementation of a well-thought-out demographic policy, an unfavorable situation can be corrected within four years.

• Determine which positions of the text are:

• A) factual nature

• B) the nature of value judgments

• B 6.1. Read the text below where a number of words are missing. Select from the provided list the words that you want to insert in place of the blanks.

• “The family is based on ____ (1)

• and / or consanguinity small _____ (2),

• whose members are united by cohabitation and housekeeping, emotional connection,

• mutual ____ (3) in relation to each other. Also, a family is called social ______ (4), that is, a stable form of relationship between people, within which the main part of their daily life is carried out: sexual relations, childbirth and primary ______ (5), a significant part of household care,

• educational and medical care, especially in relation to children and the elderly. These relations are regulated on the basis of certain

• norms and ____ (6) ".

• A) value B) marriage C) socialization D) team

• E) duty E) institution G) parent 3) group I) love

• С 5. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "social group"? Drawing on knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about the "social group."

• C 5.2. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "quasigroup"? Drawing on knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about the "quasigroup".

• From 5.3. List any three factors that affect social mobility.

• From 6.1. Name two trends in the development of modern interethnic relations and illustrate each of them with an example.

• From 6.2. Expand the connection between social statuses and roles using two examples.

• From 6.3. Expand on three examples the variety of criteria for identifying social groups.

from 7.1. ... In the code of laws of Kievan Rus "Russkaya Pravda", various punishments for murder were provided. Thus, the penalty for killing a tiun (steward) was enormous: it was equal to the cost of a herd of 80 oxen or 400 rams. The life of a smerd or a slave was valued many times less. Make possible conclusions about the serial relations of society at that time and how to regulate them.

• From 7.3. The family, which arose in ancient times, initially concentrated in itself all the basic functions to ensure human life. Gradually, it began to share its separate functions with other institutions of society. Indicate three such functions. Name the social institutions that began to fulfill them.

From 7.3. Analyze the saturation. After graduation, the young man N. got a job as a manager in a commercial bank. After some time, he completed refresher courses, after which he was appointed executive director of the bank. Changes also took place in N.'s personal life: he married the daughter of the owner of the bank. What is the social process going on here? What factors played a decisive role here? What are they called in sociology?